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In psychology. In the field of psychology, the broader definition of tokenism is a situation in which a member of a distinctive category is treated differently from other people. The characteristics that make the person of interest a token can be perceived as either a handicap or an advantage, as supported by Václav Linkov.
Microaggression is a term used for commonplace verbal, behavioral or environmental slights, whether intentional or unintentional, that communicate hostile, derogatory, or negative attitudes toward those of different races, cultures, beliefs, or genders. [1]
Hate speech is a term with varied meaning and has no single, consistent definition. It is defined by the Cambridge Dictionary as "public speech that expresses hate or encourages violence towards a person or group based on something such as race, religion, sex, or sexual orientation". [1] The Encyclopedia of the American Constitution states that ...
Symbolic racism. Symbolic racism (also known as modern-symbolic racism, modern racism, [1] symbolic prejudice, and racial resentment) is a coherent belief system that reflects an underlying one-dimensional prejudice towards a racialized ethnicity. Symbolic racism is more of a general term than it is one specifically related to prejudice towards ...
Discrimination. Reverse racism, sometimes referred to as reverse discrimination, [1] is the concept that affirmative action and similar color-conscious programs for redressing racial inequality are forms of anti-white racism. [2] The concept is often associated with conservative social movements, [2][3] and reflects a belief that social and ...
Racism is discrimination and prejudice against people based on their race or ethnicity. Racism can be present in social actions, practices, or political systems (e.g. apartheid) that support the expression of prejudice or aversion in discriminatory practices.
The history of the race and intelligence controversy concerns the historical development of a debate about possible explanations of group differences encountered in the study of race and intelligence. Since the beginning of IQ testing around the time of World War I, there have been observed differences between the average scores of different ...
Cracker (term) Cracker, sometimes cracka or white cracker, is a racial slur directed towards white people, [1][2][3] used especially with regard to poor rural whites in the Southern United States. [4] Although commonly a pejorative, it is also used in a neutral context, particularly in reference to a native of Florida or Georgia (see Florida ...