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The Doppler temperature is the minimum temperature achievable with Doppler cooling. When a photon is absorbed by an atom counter-propagating to the light source, its velocity is decreased by momentum conservation. When the absorbed photon is spontaneously emitted by the excited atom, the atom receives a momentum kick in a random direction.
The fundamental lower limit of Sisyphus cooling is the recoil temperature, , set by the energy of the photon emitted in the decay from the J' to J state. This limit is k b T r = h 2 M λ 2 {\displaystyle k_{b}T_{r}={\frac {h^{2}}{M\lambda ^{2}}}} though practically the limit is a few times this value because of the extreme sensitivity to ...
Successful profiles range in temperature up to 30 °C higher than liquidus, which is approximately 183 °C for eutectic and approximately 217 °C for lead-free. [9]: 16–17 The final area of this profile is the cooling section. A typical specification for the cool down is usually less than −6 °C/s (falling slope). [9]: 17
Resolved sideband cooling. Resolved sideband cooling is a laser cooling technique allowing cooling of tightly bound atoms and ions beyond the Doppler cooling limit, potentially to their motional ground state. Aside from the curiosity of having a particle at zero point energy, such preparation of a particle in a definite state with high ...
Sub-Doppler cooling is a class of laser cooling techniques that reduce the temperature of atoms and molecules below the Doppler cooling limit. In experiment implementation, Doppler cooling is limited by the broad natural linewidth of the lasers used in cooling. [ 1] Regardless of the transition used, however, Doppler cooling processes have an ...
Newton's law of cooling. In the study of heat transfer, Newton's law of cooling is a physical law which states that the rate of heat loss of a body is directly proportional to the difference in the temperatures between the body and its environment. The law is frequently qualified to include the condition that the temperature difference is small ...
Polarization gradient cooling (PG cooling) is a technique in laser cooling of atoms. It was proposed to explain the experimental observation of cooling below the doppler limit. [1] Shortly after the theory was introduced experiments were performed that verified the theoretical predictions. [2] While Doppler cooling allows atoms to be cooled to ...
Gray molasses. Gray molasses is a method of sub-Doppler laser cooling of atoms. It employs principles from Sisyphus cooling in conjunction with a so-called "dark" state whose transition to the excited state is not addressed by the resonant lasers. Ultracold atomic physics experiments on atomic species with poorly-resolved hyperfine structure ...
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