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A tide gauge The tide gauge in Kronstadt, Russia [1] A tide gauge is a device for measuring the change in sea level relative to a vertical datum. [2] [3] It is also known as a mareograph, [4] marigraph, [5] and sea-level recorder. [6] When applied to freshwater continental water bodies, the instrument may also be called a limnimeter. [7] [8]
A chart datum is the water level surface serving as origin of depths displayed on a nautical chart and for reporting and predicting tide heights. A chart datum is generally derived from some tidal phase , in which case it is also known as a tidal datum . [ 1 ]
The Ordnance Survey established the observatory in 1915 to contribute to the measurement of a national vertical datum defined by mean sea level.The subsequent 6-year measurement campaign at the observatory, conducted from 1 May 1915 to 30 April 1921, determined the value of mean sea level as 4.751 m (15.59 ft) below the level of the brass bolt benchmark inside the hut.
The tide gauge data are freely accessible by all, and consist predominantly of monthly-mean and annual-mean sea levels. The primary,"Revised Local Reference" data set has a continuous history of benchmark surveys for each gauge, ensuring that sea level is measured relative to a known land-based datum.
Since the Sea Level Datum of 1929 was a hybrid model, it was not a pure model of mean sea level, the geoid, or any other equipotential surface. Therefore, it was renamed the National Geodetic Vertical Datum of 1929 (NGVD 29) May 10, 1973, by the National Geodetic Survey , a part of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration .
Since the times of the Russian Empire, in Russia and its other former parts, now independent states, the sea level is measured from the zero level of Kronstadt Sea-Gauge. In Hong Kong, "mPD" is a surveying term meaning "metres above Principal Datum" and refers to height of 0.146 m (5.7 in) above chart datum [ 8 ] and 1.304 m (4 ft 3.3 in) below ...
A sicko from New Jersey allegedly took part in a neo-Nazi child-porn ring whose members groomed children online and extorted them to send self-produced, sexually-explicit videos, federal ...
NAVD 88 was established in 1991 by the minimum-constraint adjustment of geodetic leveling observations in Canada, the United States, and Mexico.It held fixed the height of the primary tide gauge benchmark, referenced to the International Great Lakes Datum of 1985 local mean sea level (MSL) height value, at Rimouski, Quebec, Canada.
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