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In physics, the thermal equation of state is a mathematical expression of pressure P, temperature T, and, volume V.The thermal equation of state for ideal gases is the ideal gas law, expressed as PV=nRT (where R is the gas constant and n the amount of substance), while the thermal equation of state for solids is expressed as:
Here P 1 and V 1 represent the original pressure and volume, respectively, and P 2 and V 2 represent the second pressure and volume. Boyle's law, Charles's law, and Gay-Lussac's law form the combined gas law. The three gas laws in combination with Avogadro's law can be generalized by the ideal gas law.
γ 0 is the heat capacity ratio ( 5 / 3 for monatomic gases such as argon); T is the temperature, T TPW = 273.16 K by the definition of the kelvin at that time; A r (Ar) is the relative atomic mass of argon and M u = 10 −3 kg⋅mol −1 as defined at the time.
Isotherms of an ideal gas for different temperatures. The curved lines are rectangular hyperbolae of the form y = a/x. They represent the relationship between pressure (on the vertical axis) and volume (on the horizontal axis) for an ideal gas at different temperatures: lines that are farther away from the origin (that is, lines that are nearer to the top right-hand corner of the diagram ...
where P is the pressure, V is the volume, N is the number of gas molecules, k B is the Boltzmann constant (1.381×10 −23 J·K −1 in SI units) and T is the absolute temperature. These equations are exact only for an ideal gas, which neglects various intermolecular effects (see real gas). However, the ideal gas law is a good approximation for ...
The terms perfect gas and ideal gas are sometimes used interchangeably, depending on the particular field of physics and engineering. Sometimes, other distinctions are made, such as between thermally perfect gas and calorically perfect gas, or between imperfect, semi-perfect, and perfect gases, and as well as the characteristics of ideal gases.
If its temperature is allowed to change by 1 °C, its mass changes by 1.5 picograms (1 pg = 1 × 10 −12 g). [note 5] A spinning ball has greater mass than when it is not spinning. Its increase of mass is exactly the equivalent of the mass of energy of rotation, which is itself the sum of the kinetic energies of all the moving parts of the ball.
In thermal physics and thermodynamics, the heat capacity ratio, also known as the adiabatic index, the ratio of specific heats, or Laplace's coefficient, is the ratio of the heat capacity at constant pressure (C P) to heat capacity at constant volume (C V).