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The small letters at the base of the matrix are founders marks. Punchcutting is a craft used in traditional typography to cut letter punches in steel as the first stage of making metal type . [ 1 ] Steel punches in the shape of the letter would be used to stamp matrices into copper, which were locked into a mould shape to cast type .
The Iron Foundry, Burmeister & Wain, by Peder Severin Krøyer, 1885 A Foundryman, pictured by Daniel A. Wehrschmidt in 1899 A foundry is a factory that produces metal castings . Metals are cast into shapes by melting them into a liquid, pouring the metal into a mold, and removing the mold material after the metal has solidified as it cools.
Pantograph used for scaling a picture. In wood type manufacture a cutting tool would be moved around the letter rather than a pen. [41]Modern wood type, mass-produced by machine cutting rather than hand-carved, was invented by Darius Wells (1800–1875), who published his first known catalogue in New York City in 1828.
Woodblock printing had been known in China for centuries. It was innovations in type casting that made for Gutenberg's breakthrough of commercially printing. [1] Although using matrices was a technique known well before his time, Johannes Gutenberg adapted their use to a conveniently adjustable hand mould, enabling one to easily and accurately cast identical multiple instances of any character.
The scribal letter known as textur or textualis, produced by the strong gothic spirit of blackletter from the hands of German area scribes, served as the model for the first text types. Johannes Gutenberg, around 1450, invented a lead type mold, applied it to an alphabet of about 24 characters, and used known press technology to print ink on ...
Clarendon is a slab serif typeface that was released in 1845 by Thorowgood and Co. (or Thorowgood and Besley) of London, a letter foundry often known as the Fann Street Foundry. The original Clarendon design is credited to Robert Besley , a partner in the foundry, and was originally engraved by punchcutter Benjamin Fox, who may also have ...
It was created by the Caslon Type Foundry in London (then called Caslon and Catherwood), presumably as a parody of the crisp, high-contrast "Didone" typefaces and lettering of the period. [5] [10] [28] [29] [30] A caps-only design, the foundry's steel master punches survive in the collection of the St Bride Library, London. [5] [e]
Decorated fat face typefaces were cut in wood and reproduced by dabbing, or stereotype, a technique in which the wooden pattern is driven into molten metal just at the point of solidifying. [58] [59] [19] [60] One type foundry particularly known for decorated designs was the London foundry of Louis John Pouchée, active from 1818 [j] to 1830.