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Many pre-Columbian civilizations established permanent or urban settlements, agriculture, and complex societal hierarchies. In North America, indigenous cultures in the Lower Mississippi Valley during the Middle Archaic period built complexes of multiple mounds, with several in Louisiana dated to 5600–5000 BP (3700 BC–3100 BC).
A 2007 paper published in PNAS put forward DNA and archaeological evidence that domesticated chickens had been introduced into South America via Polynesia by late pre-Columbian times. [77] These findings were challenged by a later study published in the same journal, that cast doubt on the dating calibration used and presented alternative mtDNA ...
Slaves were traded across trans-continental trade networks in North America before European arrival. [ 1 ] Many of the Indigenous peoples of the Pacific Northwest Coast , such as the Haida and Tlingit , were traditionally known as fierce warriors and slave-traders, raiding as far south as California .
A partial view of Monument to the Bandeiras in Sao Paulo, Brazil, which depicts settling expeditions during which Indigenous people were killed and enslaved in the region in colonial times, in a ...
African-American film festivals (17 P) J. Juneteenth (15 P) K. Kwanzaa (9 P) Pages in category "African-American festivals" The following 29 pages are in this ...
Forbes said that, at the time, "mustees" and "mulattoes" were terms for persons of part-Native American ancestry. He wrote, My judgment (to be discussed later) is that a mustee was primarily part-African and American [Indian] and that a mulatto was usually part-European and American [Indian].
The terms African civilizations, also classical African civilizations, or African empires are terms that generally refer to the various pre-colonial African kingdoms.The civilizations usually include Egypt, Carthage, Axum, [1] Numidia, and Nubia, [1] but may also be extended to the prehistoric Land of Punt and others: Kingdom of Dagbon, the Empire of Ashanti, Kingdom of Kongo, Empire of Mali ...
Estimates of the pre-Columbian (pre-1492) population in the Americas (millions) Author Date US and Canada Mexico Mesoamerica Caribbean Andes Patagonia and Amazonia Total Sapper [39] 1924 2–3 12–15 5–6 3–4 12–15 3–5 37–48.5 Kroeber [40] 1939 0.9 3.2 0.1 0.2 3 1 8.4 Steward [41] 1949 1 4.5 0.74 0.22 6.13 2.9 15.49 Rosenblat [42 ...