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The Americas were named in 1507 by cartographers Martin Waldseemüller and Matthias Ringmann, after Amerigo Vespucci. From 1501 to 1502, one of these Portuguese expeditions, led by Gonçalo Coelho (and/or André Gonçalves or Gaspar de Lemos ), sailed south along the coast of South America to the bay of present-day Rio de Janeiro .
This marked the end of this phase of science as the Challenger Expedition of 1872–76 began exploring the deep seas beyond a depth of 20 or 30 meters. In spite of the growing community of scientists, for nearly 200 years science had been the preserve of wealthy amateurs, educated middle classes and clerics. [6]
Amerigo Vespucci (/ v ɛ ˈ s p uː tʃ i / vesp-OO-chee, [1] Italian: [ameˈriːɡo veˈsputtʃi]; 9 March 1454 – 22 February 1512) was an Italian explorer and navigator from the Republic of Florence for whom "America" is named.
After returning he possibly went to Bristol to sail in the name of England. [1] Nearly at the same time, between 1499 and 1502 the brothers Gaspar and Miguel Corte Real explored and named the coasts of Greenland, Labrador and also Newfoundland, naming "Terra Verde" the explored North American coasts. [2]
[1] November 1 – Amerigo Vespucci discovers and names Baía de Todos os Santos in Brazil. [2] Gaspar Corte-Real makes the first known landing in North America by a Western European explorer this millennium. [3] Rodrigo de Bastidas becomes the first European to explore the Isthmus of Panama. [3]
Historia antipodum oder newe Welt, or History of the New World, by Matthäus Merian the Elder, published in 1631. The Florentine explorer Amerigo Vespucci is usually credited for coming up with the term "New World" (Mundus Novus) for the Americas in his 1503 letter, giving it its popular cachet, although similar terms had been used and applied before him.
Education was a central theme and some patrons began offering lessons and lectures to others. The chemist Peter Staehl provided chemistry lessons at Tilliard's coffeehouse in the early 1660s. As coffeehouses developed in London , customers heard lectures on scientific subjects, such as astronomy and mathematics, for an exceedingly low price. [ 52 ]
The philosophy of science includes the question: What criteria are satisfied by a 'good' theory. This question has a long history, and many scientists, as well as philosophers, have considered it. The objective is to be able to choose one theory as preferable to another without introducing cognitive bias. [4]