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  2. Deep dyslexia - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deep_dyslexia

    Deep dyslexia differs from other forms of central dyslexia (phonological dyslexia and surface dyslexia) in that deep dyslexics have many more symptoms and these symptoms are generally more severe. [4] [16] [17] According to the "continuum" hypothesis, deep dyslexia is a more severe form of phonological dyslexia. [16] [17] [18]

  3. Surface dyslexia - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surface_dyslexia

    Surface dyslexia is a type of dyslexia, or reading disorder. [ 1][ 2] According to Marshall & Newcombe's (1973) and McCarthy & Warrington's study (1990), patients with this kind of disorder cannot recognize a word as a whole due to the damage of the left parietal or temporal lobe. Individuals with surface dyslexia are unable to recognize a word ...

  4. Orthographies and dyslexia - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orthographies_and_dyslexia

    Dyslexia does not affect general intelligence, but is often co-diagnosed with ADHD. [1] [2] There are at least three sub-types of dyslexia that have been recognized by researchers: orthographic, or surface dyslexia, phonological dyslexia and mixed dyslexia where individuals exhibit symptoms of both orthographic and phonological dyslexia. [3]

  5. Dyslexia - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dyslexia

    3–7% [ 2][ 5] Dyslexia, previously known as word blindness, is a learning disability ('learning difficulty' in the UK [ 6]) that affects either reading or writing. [ 1][ 7] Different people are affected to different degrees. [ 3] Problems may include difficulties in spelling words, reading quickly, writing words, "sounding out" words in the ...

  6. Dual-route hypothesis to reading aloud - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dual-route_hypothesis_to...

    Surface dyslexia was imitated by damaging the orthographic lexicon so that the program made more errors on irregular words than on regular or non-words, just as is observed in surface dyslexia. [6] Phonological dyslexia was similarly modeled by selectively damaging the non-lexical route thereby causing the program to mispronounce non words.

  7. Phonological dyslexia - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phonological_dyslexia

    Phonological dyslexia is a reading disorder in which the patient has impaired reading of nonwords. The symptoms of phonological dyslexia are very similar to those of deep dyslexia. The major difference between these two dyslexias is that phonological dyslexics do not make semantic errors associated with deep dyslexia.

  8. Dysgraphia - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dysgraphia

    dyslexia, written language learning disability [ 1] Dysgraphia is a neurological disorder [ 2] and learning disability that concerns impairments in written expression, which affects the ability to write, primarily handwriting, but also coherence. It is a specific learning disability (SLD) as well as a transcription disability, meaning that it ...

  9. History of dyslexia research - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_dyslexia_research

    Pre-1900. Adolph Kussmaul. The concept of "word-blindness" ( German: "wortblindheit"), as an isolated condition, was first developed by the German physician Adolph Kussmaul in 1877. [ 1][ 2] Identified by Oswald Berkhan in 1881, [ 3] the term 'dyslexia' was later coined in 1887 by Rudolf Berlin, [ 4] an ophthalmologist practicing in Stuttgart ...