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The generalized mean, also known as the power mean or Hölder mean, is an abstraction of the quadratic, arithmetic, geometric, and harmonic means. It is defined for a set of n positive numbers xi by. [ 1] By choosing different values for the parameter m, the following types of means are obtained: maximum of. quadratic mean.
PR – paralympic games record. AR – area (or continental) record. ER – European record. NR – national record (for a specific country) MR – meet record (meeting record) DLR – diamond league record. # – the performance has not been accepted as a record, or there is some sort of irregularity with the result.
Statistical significance. In statistical hypothesis testing, [ 1][ 2] a result has statistical significance when a result at least as "extreme" would be very infrequent if the null hypothesis were true. [ 3] More precisely, a study's defined significance level, denoted by , is the probability of the study rejecting the null hypothesis, given ...
In statistics, regression toward the mean (also called regression to the mean, reversion to the mean, and reversion to mediocrity) is the phenomenon where if one sample of a random variable is extreme, the next sampling of the same random variable is likely to be closer to its mean. [2] [3] [4] Furthermore, when many random variables are ...
Robust statistical methods, of which the trimmed mean is a simple example, seek to outperform classical statistical methods in the presence of outliers, or, more generally, when underlying parametric assumptions are not quite correct. Whilst the trimmed mean performs well relative to the mean in this example, better robust estimates are available.
Product (mathematics) In mathematics, a product is the result of multiplication, or an expression that identifies objects (numbers or variables) to be multiplied, called factors. For example, 21 is the product of 3 and 7 (the result of multiplication), and is the product of and (indicating that the two factors should be multiplied together).
The term false discovery rate (FDR) was used by Colquhoun (2014) [9] to mean the probability that a "significant" result was a false positive. Later Colquhoun (2017) [ 3 ] used the term false positive risk (FPR) for the same quantity, to avoid confusion with the term FDR as used by people who work on multiple comparisons .
Definition. The arithmetic mean of a set of observed data is equal to the sum of the numerical values of each observation, divided by the total number of observations. Symbolically, for a data set consisting of the values , the arithmetic mean is defined by the formula: [ 2] (For an explanation of the summation operator, see summation .)