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Recently, copper alloys have become important netting materials in aquaculture (the farming of aquatic organisms including fish farming).Various other materials including nylon, polyester, polypropylene, polyethylene, plastic-coated welded wire, rubber, patented twine products (Spectra, Dyneema), and galvanized steel are also used for netting in aquaculture fish enclosures around the world.
Mycobacterium marinum is an acid-fast, aerobic bacterium which can infect humans. [4] Infection is usually associated either with swimming, preparing sea food, or with keeping or working with aquarium fish. [2] Infections of humans are rare due to the chlorination of water. [4]
Edwardsiella tarda is a member of the family Hafniaceae. [1] [2] The bacterium is a facultatively anaerobic, small, motile, gram negative, straight rod with flagella.[1] [2] Infection causes Edwardsiella septicemia (also known as ES, edwardsiellosis, emphysematous putrefactive disease of catfish, fish gangrene, and red disease) in channel catfish, eels, and flounder.
The following is a list of antibiotics. The highest division between antibiotics is bactericidal and bacteriostatic. Bactericidals kill bacteria directly, whereas bacteriostatics prevent them from dividing. However, these classifications are based on laboratory behavior.
Tylosin is a macrolide antibiotic and bacteriostatic feed additive used in veterinary medicine. It has a broad spectrum of activity against Gram-positive organisms and a limited range of Gram-negative organisms. [1] It is found naturally as a fermentation product of Streptomyces fradiae. [2]
Nitrofurazone is listed under California Prop 65, and has demonstrated clear evidence to be mutagenic and carcinogenic during animal studies, and has been discontinued for human use in the USA. [2] [5] [6] [7] The substance is pale yellow and crystalline. It was once widely used as an antibiotic for livestock. [8] [9]
Diphyllobothriasis is the infection caused by tapeworms of the genus Diphyllobothrium (commonly D. latum and D. nihonkaiense).. Diphyllobothriasis mostly occurs in regions where raw fish is regularly consumed; those who consume raw fish are at risk of infection.
HABs can contain toxins or pathogens which result in fish kill and can also be fatal to humans. [30] In marine environments, HABs are mostly caused by dinoflagellates , [ 31 ] though species of other algae taxa can also cause HABs ( diatoms , flagellates , haptophytes and raphidophytes ). [ 32 ]