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Diagram showing optimal strategy for tic-tac-toe.With perfect play, and from any initial move, both players can always force a draw. In combinatorial game theory, a two-player deterministic perfect information turn-based game is a first-player-win if with perfect play the first player to move can always force a win.
Tic-tac-toe A completed game of tic-tac-toe Other names Noughts and Crosses Xs and Os Genres Paper-and-pencil game Players 2 Setup time Minimal Playing time ~1 minute Chance None Skills Strategy, tactics, observation Tic-tac-toe (American English), noughts and crosses (Commonwealth English), or Xs and Os (Canadian or Irish English) is a paper-and-pencil game for two players who take turns ...
The first player to claim all of the elements of a winning set wins. If the game ends with all elements of the board claimed, but no player has claimed all elements of a winning set, it is a draw. An example is classic tic-tac-toe. Maker-Breaker game The two players are called Maker and Breaker. Maker wins by claiming all elements of a winning set.
It also includes an extensive analysis of tic-tac-toe-like symmetric line-forming games, and discusses the Erdős–Selfridge theorem according to which sparse-enough sets of winning configurations lead to drawn maker-breaker games. Part B of the book discusses the potential-based method by which the Erdős–Selfridge theorem was proven, and ...
Ultimate tic-tac-toe (also known as UTT, super tic-tac-toe, meta tic-tac-toe, (tic-tac-toe)² or Ultimate Noughts and Crosses [1]) is a board game composed of nine tic-tac-toe boards arranged in a 3 × 3 grid. [2] [3] Players take turns playing on the smaller tic-tac-toe boards until one of them wins on the larger board. Compared to traditional ...
A strategy-stealing argument can be used on the example of the game of tic-tac-toe, for a board and winning rows of any size. [2] [3] Suppose that the second player (P2) is using a strategy S which guarantees a win. The first player (P1) places an X in an arbitrary position. P2 responds by placing an O according to S.
Hence, every winning-strategy of First in a strong-positional game is also a winning-strategy of Maker in the corresponding maker-breaker game. The opposite is not true. For example, in the maker-breaker variant of Tic-Tac-Toe, Maker has a winning strategy, but in its strong-positional (classic) variant, Second has a drawing strategy. [2]
Combinatorial games include well-known games such as chess, checkers, and Go, which are regarded as non-trivial, and tic-tac-toe, which is considered trivial, in the sense of being "easy to solve". Some combinatorial games may also have an unbounded playing area, such as infinite chess .
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