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The most common abnormality the test can screen is trisomy 21 (Down syndrome).In addition to Down syndrome, the triple and quadruple screens assess risk for fetal trisomy 18 also known as Edwards syndrome, open neural tube defects, and may also detect an increased risk of Turner syndrome, triploidy, trisomy 16 mosaicism, fetal death, Smith–Lemli–Opitz syndrome, and steroid sulfatase ...
Second-trimester maternal serum screening (AFP screening, triple screen, quad screen, or penta screen) can check levels of alpha fetoprotein, β-hCG, inhibin-A, estriol, and h-hCG (hyperglycosolated hCG) in the woman's serum. The triple test measures serum levels of AFP, estriol, and beta-hCG, with a 70% sensitivity and 5% false-positive rate.
More specifically, optimal levels are generally close to a central tendency of the values found in the population. However, usual and optimal levels may differ substantially, most notably among vitamins and blood lipids, so these tables give limits on both standard and optimal (or target) ranges.
Normal values of ESR have been quoted as 1 [24] to 2 [25] mm/h at birth, rising to 4 mm/h 8 days after delivery, [25] and then to 17 mm/h by day 14. [24] Typical normal ranges quoted are: [6] Newborn: 0 to 2 mm/h; Neonatal to puberty: 3 to 13 mm/h, but other laboratories place an upper limit of 20. [26]
4-5% total Hb smokers, 2 packs/day 8-9% total Hb toxic >20% total Hb lethal >50% total Hb Carcinoembryonic antigen <2.5 × 10 −9: beta-Carotene: Vitamin A dimer 3-25 × 10 −7: Carotenoids: Antioxidant 2.4-23.1 × 10 −7: Cephalin: 3-11.5 × 10 −4: 0-1 × 10 −4: Ceruloplasmin: 1.5-6 × 10 −4: Chloride, as NaCl 4.5-5 × 10 −3: 3.5-3. ...
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Blood compatibility testing is routinely performed before a blood transfusion.The full compatibility testing process involves ABO and RhD (Rh factor) typing; screening for antibodies against other blood group systems; and crossmatching, which involves testing the recipient's blood plasma against the donor's red blood cells as a final check for incompatibility.
Nuchal fold thickness is measured towards the end of the second trimester. As nuchal translucency size increases, the chances of a chromosomal abnormality and mortality increase; 65% of the largest translucencies (>6.5mm) are due to chromosomal abnormality, while fatality is 19% at this size. [2]