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They are often known as picture-winged flies, along with members of other families in the superfamily Tephritoidea that have patterns of bands or spots on the wings. Some species share with the Tephritidae an unusual elongated posteroapical projection of the anal cell in the wing , but can be differentiated by the smoothly curving subcostal vein.
Adults exhibit bright wing color patterns which signal their distastefulness to potential predators. Brought to the forefront of scientific attention by Victorian naturalists, these butterflies exhibit a striking diversity and mimicry , both amongst themselves and with species in other groups of butterflies and moths.
The wings are moved by the rapid muscular contraction and expansion of the thorax. [11] The wings arise from the meso- and meta-thoracic segments and are similar in size in the basal groups. In more derived groups, the meso-thoracic wings are larger with more powerful musculature at their bases and more rigid vein structures on the costal edge. [7]
It is between 39–57 mm (1.5–2.2 in). The male has a metallic blue-green body and black wings. The female is duller brown with smoky wings that have white spots near the tips (pseudopterostigmata [3]). The naiad is pale brown with darker markings. There are some spots in the wings. [4] [verification needed]
Wing structure and colouration often vary with morphs, such as in the aphids, migratory phases of locusts and polymorphic butterflies. At rest, the wings may be held flat, or folded a number of times along specific patterns; most typically, it is the hindwings which are folded, but in a few groups such as the vespid wasps, it is the forewings.
Close-up of a Caligo wing. The underwing pattern is highly cryptic.It is conceivable that the eye pattern is a generalized form of mimicry.It is known that many small animals hesitate to go near patterns resembling eyes with a light-colored iris and a large pupil, which matches the appearance of the eyes of many predators that hunt by sight.
Mimicry causes often closely related species to have completely different wing patterns, for example the genus Thisbe. [5] Many species mimic the stain and stripe pattern of toxic Nymphalidae. Batesian mimicry seems to be more common than in any other insect family of similar size. [6] Reasons for this are unknown.
Adults are small, under 5 cm usually, and brightly coloured, sometimes with a metallic gloss. Lycaenidae wings are generally blue or green. More than half of these butterflies depend on ants in some way. [2] Larvae are often flattened rather than cylindrical, with glands that may produce secretions that attract and subdue ants. Their cuticles ...
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