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X.25 is an ITU-T standard protocol suite for packet-switched data communication in wide area networks (WAN). It was originally defined by the International Telegraph and Telephone Consultative Committee (CCITT, now ITU-T) in a series of drafts and finalized in a publication known as The Orange Book in 1976. [1][2] The protocol suite is designed ...
AX.25. AX.25 (Amateur X.25) is a data link layer protocol originally derived from layer 2 of the X.25 protocol suite and designed for use by amateur radio operators. [1] It is used extensively on amateur packet radio networks. AX.25 v2.0 is responsible for establishing link layer connections, transferring data encapsulated in frames between ...
DARPA studied and implemented gateways, [101] [57] which helped to neutralize X.25 as a rival networking paradigm. The computer science historian Janet Abbate explained: "by running TCP/IP over X.25, [D]ARPA reduced the role of X.25 to providing a data conduit, while TCP took over responsibility for end-to-end control. X.25, which had been ...
The X.25 network, which used the Coloured Book protocols, was based mainly on GEC 4000 series switches, and ran X.25 links at up to 8 Mbit/s in its final phase before being converted to an IP-based network in 1991. The JANET network grew out of the 1970s SRCnet, later called SERCnet.
In the early 1980s a standardisation and interconnection effort started, hosted on an expansion of the SERCnet X.25 research network. [nb 1] [13] [14] [15] The JANET effort was based on the Coloured Book protocols developed by the British academic community, which provided the first complete X.25 standard, [16] [17] and gave the UK "several years lead over other countries". [18]
DATAPAC, or Datapac in some documents, was Canada 's packet switched X.25 -equivalent data network. Initial work on a data-only network started in 1972 and was announced by Bell Canada in 1974 as Dataroute. DATAPAC was implemented by adding packet switching to the existing Dataroute networks. It opened for use in 1976 as the world's first ...
In communications, a PDN is a circuit- or packet-switched network that is available to the public and that can transmit data in digital form. A PDN provider is a company that provides access to a PDN and that provides any of X.25, Frame Relay, or cell relay (ATM) services. [1] Access to a PDN generally includes a guaranteed bandwidth, known as ...
Packet radio networks rely on the AX.25 data link layer protocol, derived from the X.25 protocol suite and intended specifically for amateur radio use. Despite its name, AX.25 defines both the physical and data link layers of the OSI model. (It also defines a network layer protocol, though this is seldom used.) [10]