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Ventricular volume; Electrocardiogram; Arterial flow (optional) Heart sounds (optional) The Wiggers diagram clearly illustrates the coordinated variation of these values as the heart beats, assisting one in understanding the entire cardiac cycle. [1]
Pressure-Volume loops showing end-systolic pressure volume relationship. End-systolic pressure volume relationship (ESPVR) describes the maximal pressure that can be developed by the ventricle at any given LV volume. This implies that the PV loop cannot cross over the line defining ESPVR for any given contractile state.
Very useful information can be derived by examination and analysis of individual loops or series of loops, for example: the horizontal distance between the top-left corner and the bottom-right corner of each loop is the stroke volume [5] the line joining the top-left corner of several loops is the contractile or inotropic state. [6]
The minimum and maximum volumes (V max and V min) from each loop in the series of loops are plotted on a graph. V max and V min lines are extrapolated and at their point of intersection, where V max is equal to V min, must be zero—conductance is parallel conductance only. The volume at this point is the correction volume.
The programmed delay at the AV node also provides time for blood volume to flow through the atria and fill the ventricular chambers—just before the return of the systole (contractions), ejecting the new blood volume and completing the cardiac cycle. [8] (See Wiggers diagram: "Ventricular volume" tracing (red), at "Systole" panel.)
Flow-Volume loop showing successful FVC maneuver. Positive values represent expiration, negative values represent inspiration. At the start of the test both flow and volume are equal to zero (representing the volume in the spirometer rather than the lung). The trace moves clockwise for expiration followed by inspiration.
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