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The equations for x and y can be combined to give + = (+) [2] [3] or + = (). This equation shows that σ and τ are the real and imaginary parts of an analytic function of x+iy (with logarithmic branch points at the foci), which in turn proves (by appeal to the general theory of conformal mapping) (the Cauchy-Riemann equations) that these particular curves of σ and τ intersect at ...
In differential geometry, the Gauss map of a surface is a function that maps each point in the surface to a unit vector that is orthogonal to the surface at that point. Namely, given a surface X in Euclidean space R 3, the Gauss map is a map N: X → S 2 (where S 2 is the unit sphere) such that for each p in X, the function value N(p) is a unit ...
A two-dimensional Poincaré section of the forced Duffing equation. In mathematics, particularly in dynamical systems, a first recurrence map or Poincaré map, named after Henri Poincaré, is the intersection of a periodic orbit in the state space of a continuous dynamical system with a certain lower-dimensional subspace, called the Poincaré section, transversal to the flow of the system.
A map from this sphere to a unit sphere of dimension n − 1 can be constructed by dividing each vector on this sphere by its length to form a unit length vector, which is a point on the unit sphere S n−1. This defines a continuous map from S to S n−1. The index of the vector field at the point is the degree of this map. It can be shown ...
The unstable manifold of the fixed point in the attractor is contained in the strange attractor of the Hénon map. The Hénon map does not have a strange attractor for all values of the parameters a and b. For example, by keeping b fixed at 0.3 the bifurcation diagram shows that for a = 1.25 the Hénon map has a stable periodic orbit as an ...
The path integral formulation is a description in quantum mechanics that generalizes the stationary action principle of classical mechanics.It replaces the classical notion of a single, unique classical trajectory for a system with a sum, or functional integral, over an infinity of quantum-mechanically possible trajectories to compute a quantum amplitude.
For example, when one point is plotted for r, it is a fixed point, and when m points are plotted for r, it corresponds to an m-periodic orbit. When an orbital diagram is drawn for the logistic map, it is possible to see how the branch representing the stable periodic orbit splits, which represents a cascade of period-doubling bifurcations.
A coordinate system in mathematics is a facet of geometry or of algebra, [9] [10] in particular, a property of manifolds (for example, in physics, configuration spaces or phase spaces). [11] [12] The coordinates of a point r in an n-dimensional space are simply an ordered set of n numbers: [13] [14]