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Decreased activity of mitochondrial PDH with age has been shown in the heart as well as in certain regions of the brain (the striatum and brainstem). [6] Pyruvate dehydrogenase (PDH) deficiency is a congenital degenerative metabolic disease resulting from a mutation of the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex (PDC) located on the X chromosome.
The neurological form of PDCD contributes to hypotonia, poor feeding, lethargy and structural abnormalities in the brain. [4] Patients may develop seizures and/or neuropathological spasms. These presentations of the disease usually progress to mental retardation , microcephaly , blindness , and spasticity.
In eukaryotic cells the pyruvate decarboxylation occurs inside the mitochondrial matrix, after transport of the substrate, pyruvate, from the cytosol. The transport of pyruvate into the mitochondria is via the transport protein pyruvate translocase. Pyruvate translocase transports pyruvate in a symport fashion with a proton (across the inner ...
In the human brain the brainstem is composed of the midbrain, the pons, and the medulla oblongata. [1] The midbrain is continuous with the thalamus of the diencephalon through the tentorial notch, and sometimes the diencephalon is included in the brainstem. [2] The brainstem is very small, making up around only 2.6 percent of the brain's total ...
As PDK1 regulates the PDH complex, it has been proven to be an important regulator in certain cells, including the beta cells within the islets of the pancreas. In order to optimize glucose-stimulated insulin secretion (GSIS), a primary function of the pancreas, a low PDK1 activity must be maintained to keep PDH in a dephosphorylated and active ...
The subventricular zone (SVZ) is a region situated on the outside wall of each lateral ventricle of the vertebrate brain. [2] It is present in both the embryonic and adult brain. In embryonic life, the SVZ refers to a secondary proliferative zone containing neural progenitor cells , which divide to produce neurons in the process of neurogenesis ...
Well, according to Wise, the brain is actually the most powerful sex organ there is—namely because genital stimulation produces so much muscle and nerve information that a tremendous boost in ...
The development of the nervous system in humans, or neural development, or neurodevelopment involves the studies of embryology, developmental biology, and neuroscience.These describe the cellular and molecular mechanisms by which the complex nervous system forms in humans, develops during prenatal development, and continues to develop postnatally.