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A tic is a sudden and repetitive motor movement or vocalization that is not rhythmic and involves discrete muscle groups. [1] [2] [3] Tics are typically brief and may resemble a normal behavioral characteristic or gesture. [4] Tics can be invisible to the observer, such as abdominal tensing or toe crunching.
Diagnosis of blepharospasm has been enhanced by the proposal of objective diagnostic criteria that start from "stereotyped, bilateral and synchronous orbicularis oculi spasms" and proceed to the identification of a "sensory trick" or "increased blinking". [38] The criteria have been validated across multiple ethnicities in multiple centers. [39]
Tourette syndrome or Tourette's syndrome (abbreviated as TS or Tourette's) is a common neurodevelopmental disorder that begins in childhood or adolescence. It is characterized by multiple movement (motor) tics and at least one vocal (phonic) tic.
Spasm means "uncontrolled muscle contraction". The term blepharospasm ['blef-a-ro-spaz-m] can be applied to any abnormal blinking or eyelid tic or twitch resulting from any cause, ranging from dry eyes to Tourette's syndrome to tardive dyskinesia. The blepharospasm referred to here is officially called benign essential blepharospasm (BEB) to ...
Tic disorders are more commonly diagnosed in males than females. [3] At least one in five children experience some form of tic disorder, most frequently between the ages of seven and twelve. [9] [10] Tourette syndrome is the more severe expression of a spectrum of tic disorders, which are thought to be due to the same genetic vulnerability ...
Tourette syndrome (TS) is an inherited neurological condition of multiple motor and at least one vocal tic. Although Tourette syndrome is the most common cause of tic disorders, [1] other sporadic, genetic, and neurodegenerative disorders may also exhibit tics. [2] [3]
Echopraxia is a typical symptom of Tourette syndrome but causes are not well elucidated. [1]Frontal lobe animation. One theoretical cause subject to ongoing debate surrounds the role of the mirror neuron system (MNS), a group of neurons in the inferior frontal gyrus (F5 region) of the brain that may influence imitative behaviors, [1] but no widely accepted neural or computational models have ...
A study being conducted at the Yale University School of Medicine has estimated that "32% of people develop persistent tics after 5 years on major tranquilizers, 57% by 15 years, and 68% by 25 years." [50] More drastic data was found during a longitudinal study conducted on individuals 45 years of age and older who were taking antipsychotic ...