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Genotoxicity is the property of chemical agents that damage the genetic information within a cell causing mutations, which may lead to cancer. While genotoxicity is often confused with mutagenicity , all mutagens are genotoxic, but some genotoxic substances are not mutagenic.
Besides chemotherapy, medical oncology (pharmacotherapy for cancer) includes several noncytotoxic classes of therapy, such as hormonal therapy and targeted therapy (biologic therapy). Those agents are described in the relevant articles.
[67] [68] They wrote that in 2001, imatinib was priced at $30,000 (equivalent to $51,622 in 2023) a year, which was based on the price of interferon, then the standard treatment, and that at this price Novartis would have recouped its initial development costs in two years.
Cetuximab is given by intravenous therapy and costs up to $30,000 for eight weeks of treatment per patient. [ 30 ] Merck KGaA had 887 million euros ($1.15 billion) in Erbitux sales in 2012, from head and neck as well as bowel cancer, while Bristol-Myers Squibb generated $702 million in sales from the drug.
Lomustine is an alkylating chemotherapy drug that is indicated by the FDA for the treatment of patients with brain tumors (primary and metastatic), following any necessary surgery and radiation, as well as for treatment of progressive Hodgkin’s lymphoma. [8]
Other compounds used in cancer chemotherapy that have the ability to form ICLs are cisplatin, mitomycin C, carmustine, and psoralen. [18] These kinds of lesions are effective at forcing the cell to undergo apoptosis via p53 , [ citation needed ] a protein which scans the genome for defects.
A major application of cellular adoptive therapy is cancer treatment, as the immune system plays a vital role in the development and growth of cancer. [1] The primary types of cellular adoptive immunotherapies are T cell therapies. Other therapies include CAR-T therapy, CAR-NK therapy, macrophage-based immunotherapy and dendritic cell therapy.
The word chemotherapy without a modifier usually refers to cancer treatment, but its historical meaning was broader. The term was coined in the early 1900s by Paul Ehrlich as meaning any use of chemicals to treat any disease ( chemo - + -therapy ), such as the use of antibiotics ( antibacterial chemotherapy ). [ 194 ]