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The contact process is a method of producing sulfuric acid in the high concentrations needed for industrial processes. Platinum was originally used as the catalyst for this reaction; however, because it is susceptible to reacting with arsenic impurities in the sulfur feedstock, vanadium(V) oxide (V 2 O 5) has since been preferred.
The lead chamber process was an industrial method used to produce sulfuric acid in large quantities. It has been largely supplanted by the contact process.. In 1746 in Birmingham, England, John Roebuck began producing sulfuric acid in lead-lined chambers, which were stronger and less expensive and could be made much larger than the glass containers that had been used previously.
This combustion process produces gaseous sulfur dioxide (SO 2) and sulfur trioxide (SO 3) which are then used to manufacture "new" sulfuric acid. Hydrogen peroxide (H 2 O 2) can be added to sulfuric acid to produce piranha solution, a powerful but very toxic cleaning solution with which substrate surfaces can be cleaned. Piranha solution is ...
The hydrogen sulfide can be used as a sulfur source for the lead chamber process to produce the sulfuric acid used in the first step of the Leblanc process. Likewise, by 1874 the Deacon process was invented, oxidizing the hydrochloric acid over a copper catalyst: 4 HCl(g) + O_ 2 (g) → H 2 O(g) + Cl 2 (g)
However, SO 3 added to concentrated sulfuric acid readily dissolves, forming oleum which can then be diluted with water to produce additional concentrated sulfuric acid. [4] Typically, above concentrations of 98.3%, sulfuric acid will undergo a spontaneous decomposition into sulfur trioxide and water H 2 SO 4 ⇌ SO 3 + H 2 O
The Frasch process can be used for deposits 50–800 meters deep. 3-38 cubic meters of superheated water are required to produce every tonne of sulfur, and the associated energy cost is significant. [1] A working demonstration model of the Frasch process suitable for the classroom has been described. [9]
One of the first chemicals to be produced in large amounts through industrial processes was sulfuric acid. In 1736 pharmacist Joshua Ward developed a process for its production that involved heating sulfur with saltpeter, allowing the sulfur to oxidize and combine with water. It was the first practical production of sulphuric acid on a large scale.
A typical mixture is 3 parts of concentrated sulfuric acid and 1 part of 30 wt. % hydrogen peroxide solution; [1] other protocols may use a 4:1 or even 7:1 mixture. A closely related mixture, sometimes called "base piranha", is a 5:1:1 mixture of water, ammonia solution ( NH 4 OH , or NH 3 (aq) ), and 30% hydrogen peroxide.