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If the quartic has a double root, it can be found by taking the polynomial greatest common divisor with its derivative. Then they can be divided out and the resulting quadratic equation solved. In general, there exist only four possible cases of quartic equations with multiple roots, which are listed below: [3]
The roots of the quadratic function y = 1 / 2 x 2 − 3x + 5 / 2 are the places where the graph intersects the x-axis, the values x = 1 and x = 5. They can be found via the quadratic formula. In elementary algebra, the quadratic formula is a closed-form expression describing the solutions of a quadratic equation.
Figure 4. Graphing calculator computation of one of the two roots of the quadratic equation 2x 2 + 4x − 4 = 0. Although the display shows only five significant figures of accuracy, the retrieved value of xc is 0.732050807569, accurate to twelve significant figures. A quadratic function without real root: y = (x − 5) 2 + 9.
The derivative of a quartic function is a cubic function. Sometimes the term biquadratic is used instead of quartic, but, usually, biquadratic function refers to a quadratic function of a square (or, equivalently, to the function defined by a quartic polynomial without terms of odd degree), having the form
Finding one root; Finding all roots; Finding roots in a specific region of the complex plane, typically the real roots or the real roots in a given interval (for example, when roots represents a physical quantity, only the real positive ones are interesting). For finding one root, Newton's method and other general iterative methods work ...
In numerical analysis, Bairstow's method is an efficient algorithm for finding the roots of a real polynomial of arbitrary degree. The algorithm first appeared in the appendix of the 1920 book Applied Aerodynamics by Leonard Bairstow. [1] [non-primary source needed] The algorithm finds the roots in complex conjugate pairs using only real ...
Steffensen's method accelerates this convergence, to make it quadratic. For orientation, the root function and the fixed-point functions are simply related by = + , where is some scalar constant small enough in magnitude to make stable under iteration, but large enough for the non-linearity of the function to be appreciable.
Denoting the two roots by r 1 and r 2 we distinguish three cases. If the discriminant is zero the fraction converges to the single root of multiplicity two. If the discriminant is not zero, and |r 1 | ≠ |r 2 |, the continued fraction converges to the root of maximum modulus (i.e., to the root with the greater absolute value).