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The heating value depends on the source of gas that is used and the process that is used to liquefy the gas. The range of heating value can span ±10 to 15 percent. A typical value of the higher heating value of LNG is approximately 50 MJ/kg or 21,500 BTU/lb. [2] A typical value of the lower heating value of LNG is 45 MJ/kg or 19,350 BTU/lb.
If saturated LNG contacts liquid water (e.g. sea water, which has an average temperature of 15 °C), heat is transferred from the water to the LNG, rapidly vaporizing it. This results in an explosion because the volume occupied by natural gas in its gaseous form is 600 times greater than when its liquefied; this is the phenomenon of rapid phase ...
A flaming cocktail works by burning ethanol (grain alcohol), a type of liquid fuel also found in all alcoholic drinks. Liquid fuels are combustible or energy-generating molecules that can be harnessed to create mechanical energy, usually producing kinetic energy; they also must take the shape of their container.
A non-combustible material [17] is a substance that does not ignite, burn, support combustion, or release flammable vapors when subject to fire or heat, in the form in which it is used and under conditions anticipated. Any solid substance complying with either of two sets of passing criteria listed in Section 8 of ASTM E 136 when the substance ...
A reaction must be capable of being initiated by the application of shock, heat, or a catalyst (in the case of some explosive chemical reactions) to a small portion of the mass of the explosive material. A material in which the first three factors exist cannot be accepted as an explosive unless the reaction can be made to occur when needed.
A liquefied natural gas (LNG) spill can happen during an accident or an intentional act. LNG is normally stored and transported in liquid form at a temperature of approximately −162 °C (−260 °F). If this cooled liquid is released from a storage facility, pipeline, or LNG transport ship, then it begins to warm.
The time it takes for a material to reach its autoignition temperature when exposed to a heat flux ″ is given by the following equation: [4] = [″], where k = thermal conductivity, ρ = density, and c = specific heat capacity of the material of interest, is the initial temperature of the material (or the temperature of the bulk material).
A marine LNG engine is a dual fuel engine that uses natural gas and bunker fuel to convert chemical energy in to mechanical energy. Due to natural gas' cleaner burning properties, the use of natural gas in merchant ship propulsion plants is becoming an option for companies in order to comply with IMO and MARPOL environmental regulations.