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[5] RAFT polymerization today is mainly carried out by thiocarbonylthio chain transfer agents. It was first reported by Rizzardo et al. in 1998. [6] RAFT is one of the most versatile methods of controlled radical polymerization because it is tolerant of a very wide range of functionality in the monomer and solvent, including aqueous solutions. [7]
Control in RAFT polymerization (scheme 1) is achieved in a far more complicated manner than the homolytic bond formation-bond cleavage of SFRP and ATRP. The CTA for RAFT polymerization must be chosen cautiously because it has an effect on polymer length, chemical composition, rate of the reaction and the number of side reactions that may occur.
ATRP reactions are very robust in that they are tolerant of many functional groups like allyl, amino, epoxy, hydroxy, and vinyl groups present in either the monomer or the initiator. [5] ATRP methods are also advantageous due to the ease of preparation, commercially available and inexpensive catalysts (copper complexes), pyridine-based ligands ...
There is a mode of polymerization referred to as reversible-deactivation polymerization which is distinct from living polymerization, despite some common features. Living polymerization requires a complete absence of termination reactions, whereas reversible-deactivation polymerization may contain a similar fraction of termination as conventional polymerization with the same concentration of ...
Although copper complexes (in combination with relevant ligands) have long been used as catalysts for organic reactions such as atom transfer radical addition (ATRA) and copper(I)-catalyzed alkyne-azide cycloaddition (CuAAC), copper complex catalyzed RDRP was not reported until 1995 when Jin-Shan Wang and Krzysztof Matyjaszewski introduced it as atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP).
Raft is a consensus algorithm designed as an alternative to the Paxos family of algorithms. It was meant to be more understandable than Paxos by means of separation of logic, but it is also formally proven safe and offers some additional features. [ 1 ]
The final chamber is an inflatable keel tube which runs the length of the craft and gives the bottom of the hull a "V" shape, imparting directional stability and additional shock absorption. A wooden "transom" board at the stern provides a mounting point for the outboard engine(s). The deck (floor) is composed of four interlocking aluminum ...
A raft is any flat structure for support or transportation over water. [1] It is usually of basic design, characterized by the absence of a hull . Rafts are usually kept afloat by using any combination of buoyant materials such as wood , sealed barrels , or inflated air chambers (such as pontoons ), and are typically not propelled by an engine.