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  2. Philosophical pessimism - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philosophical_pessimism

    Arthur Schopenhauer introduces an a priori argument for pessimism. The basis of the argument is the recognition that sentient organisms — animals — are embodied and inhabit specific niches in the environment. They struggle for their self-preservation; striving to satisfy wants is the essence of all organic life. But all striving ...

  3. History of philosophical pessimism - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_philosophical...

    Arthur Schopenhauer considered the world to be the product of an irrational and insatiable metaphysical force which he called Will. The first presentation of philosophical pessimism in a systematic manner, with an entire structure of metaphysics underlying it, was introduced by German philosopher Arthur Schopenhauer in the 19th century.

  4. List of philosophical pessimists - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_philosophical...

    List of philosophers who have notably expressed philosophically pessimistic views in their works and contributed to ... Arthur Schopenhauer [21] [22] [5] [6] 22 ...

  5. Arthur Schopenhauer - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthur_Schopenhauer

    Arthur Schopenhauer (/ ˈ ʃ oʊ p ən h aʊər / SHOH-pən-how-ər; [9] German: [ˈaʁtuːɐ̯ ˈʃoːpn̩haʊɐ] ⓘ; 22 February 1788 – 21 September 1860) was a German philosopher. He is known for his 1818 work The World as Will and Representation (expanded in 1844), which characterizes the phenomenal world as the manifestation of a blind ...

  6. The World as Will and Representation - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_World_as_Will_and...

    In the English language, this work is known under three different titles. Although English publications about Schopenhauer played a role in the recognition of his fame as a philosopher in later life (1851 until his death in 1860) [4] and a three volume translation by R. B. Haldane and J. Kemp, titled The World as Will and Idea, appeared already in 1883–1886, [5] the first English translation ...

  7. Hedgehog's dilemma - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hedgehog's_dilemma

    Schopenhauer published the first description of the porcupines' dilemma in 1851. [2] The concept originates in the following parable from the German philosopher Schopenhauer: [2] [3] One cold winter's day, a number of porcupines huddled together quite closely in order through their mutual warmth to prevent themselves from being frozen.

  8. On the Freedom of the Will - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/On_the_Freedom_of_the_Will

    On the Freedom of the Will. On the Freedom of the Will (German: Ueber die Freiheit des Willens) is an essay presented to the Royal Norwegian Society of Sciences in 1838 by Arthur Schopenhauer as a response to the academic question that they had posed: "Is it possible to demonstrate human free will from self-consciousness?"

  9. On the Fourfold Root of the Principle of Sufficient Reason

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/On_the_Fourfold_Root_of...

    Schopenhauer’s central proposition is the main idea of his entire philosophy, he states simply as “The world is my representation”. The rest of his work is an elaborate analysis and explanation of this sentence, which begins with his Kantian epistemology, but finds thorough elaboration within his version of the principle of sufficient ...

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