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Barm, as a leaven, has also been made from ground millet combined with must out of wine-tubs [3] and is sometimes used in English baking as a synonym for a natural leaven . [4] Various cultures derived from barm, usually Saccharomyces cerevisiae , became ancestral to most forms of brewer's yeast and baker's yeast currently on the market.
Many bread doughs call for a second stage, where the dough is kneaded again, shaped into the final form, and left to rise a final time (or proofed) before baking. [14] Kneading is the process of working a dough to produce a smooth, elastic dough by developing gluten . [ 14 ]
Flour provides the primary structure, starch and protein to the final baked bread. The protein content of the flour is the best indicator of the quality of the bread dough and the finished bread. While bread can be made from all-purpose wheat flour, a specialty bread flour, containing more protein (12–14%), is recommended for high-quality bread.
Sourdough or sourdough bread is a bread made by allowing the dough to ferment using naturally occurring lactobacillaceae and yeast before baking. The fermentation process produces lactic acid , which gives the bread a sour taste and improves its keeping-qualities.
Bread rolls in a basket. This is a list of bread rolls and buns. A bread roll is a small, often round loaf of bread served as a meal accompaniment (eaten plain or with butter). A roll can be served and eaten whole or cut transversely and dressed with filling between the two halves.
Straight dough is a single-mix process of making bread. The dough is made from all fresh ingredients, and they are all placed together and combined in one kneading or mixing session. After mixing, a bulk fermentation [1] rest of about 1 hour or longer occurs before division. [2] It is also called the direct dough method. [3] [4]
The modern English word loaf is derived from Old English hlaf, 'bread', which in turn is from Proto-Germanic *khlaibuz. [5] Old Norse hleifr, Swedish lev, Old Frisian hlef, Gothic hlaifs, Old High German hleib and modern German Laib derive from this Proto-Germanic word, which was also borrowed into Slavic (Polish chleb, Russian khleb) and Finnic (Finnish leipä, Estonian leib) languages as well.
A kneading trough is a term for the vessel in which dough, after being mixed and leavened was left to swell or ferment. The first citation of kneading-trough in the Oxford English Dictionary is Chaucer, The Miller's Tale, 1386. Flour was not stored, perhaps for fear of insect infestation, but kneaded into dough and baked into the bread without ...