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Part of the Russian–American Telegraph line bearing the single wire of an earth-return circuit, c. 1866. Earth-return telegraph is the system whereby the return path for the electric current of a telegraph circuit is provided by connection to the earth through an earth electrode. Using earth return saves a great deal of money on installation ...
The Telegraph Acts 1863 to 1892 means the Telegraph Act 1863, the Telegraph Act Amendment Act 1866, the Telegraph Act 1868, the Telegraph Act 1869, the Telegraph Act 1870, the Telegraph Act 1878, the Telegraph Act 1885, the Telegraph (Isle of Man) Act 1889 and the Telegraph Act 1892.
Single-wire earth return (SWER) or single-wire ground return is a single-wire transmission line which supplies single-phase electric power from an electrical grid to remote areas at lowest cost. The earth (or sometimes a body of water) is used as the return path for the current, to avoid the need for a second wire (or neutral wire ) to act as a ...
In 1838, Steinheil installed a telegraph along the Nuremberg–Fürth railway line, built in 1835 as the first German railroad, which was the first earth-return telegraph put into service. By 1837, William Fothergill Cooke and Charles Wheatstone had co-developed a telegraph system which used a number of needles on a board that could be moved to ...
Important examples of these single-wire systems were the Morse telegraph (1837) and the Cooke & Wheatstone single-needle telegraph (1843). In such systems the cost of a return conductor was fully 50 per cent of the cable costs. It was discovered that a return conductor could be replaced with a return path through the Earth using grounding ...
Tarr, Joel A., Thomas Finholt, and David Goodman. "The city and the telegraph: urban telecommunications in the pre-telephone era." Journal of Urban History 14.1 (1987): 38–80. Thompson, Robert Luther. Wiring a Continent: The History of the Telegraph Industry in the United States, 1832-1866 (1947) ends in 1866; emphasis on Western Union online
18 July 1866: A new transatlantic telegraph cable between North America and Europe is successfully completed. 1870: Telegraph lines from Britain are connected to India. 20 November 1871: Service to Winnipeg opens. [114] 1871: Practical duplex telegraphy system, allowing two messages to be sent over wire at the same time, one in each direction.
The company finally succeeded in 1866 with an improved cable laid by SS Great Eastern, the largest ship of its day, designed by Isambard Kingdom Brunel. [48] [47] An overland telegraph from Britain to India was first connected in 1866 but was unreliable so a submarine telegraph cable was connected in 1870. [49]