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  2. Grammar–translation method - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grammar–translation_method

    Grammar–translation classes are usually conducted in the students' native language. Grammatical rules are learned deductively; students learn grammar rules by rote, [6] and then practice the rules by doing grammar drills and translating sentences to and from the target language. More attention is paid to the form of the sentences being ...

  3. Literal translation - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Literal_translation

    Literal translation, direct translation, or word-for-word translation is the translation of a text done by translating each word separately without analysing how the words are used together in a phrase or sentence. [1] In translation theory, another term for literal translation is metaphrase (as opposed to paraphrase for an analogous translation).

  4. Spanish grammar - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_grammar

    Spanish is capable of expressing such concepts without a special cleft structure thanks to its flexible word order. For example, if we translate a cleft sentence such as "It was Juan who lost the keys", we get Fue Juan el que perdió las llaves. Whereas the English sentence uses a special structure, the Spanish one does not.

  5. A Jailhouse Lawyer's Manual - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Jailhouse_Lawyer's_Manual

    Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States Thurgood Marshall wrote in a 1992 forward to the JLM that "[b]y making difficult and sensitive legal issues accessible to the lay person, the manual helps to empower prisoners to exercise a right we, as a society, hold dear—the right to speak for oneself. I commend Columbia's law ...

  6. Communicative language teaching - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communicative_language...

    The increased demand included many learners who struggled with traditional methods such as grammar translation, which involves the direct translation of sentence after sentence as a way to learn the language. Those methods assumed that students aimed to master the target language and were willing to study for years before expecting to use the ...

  7. Cloze test - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cloze_test

    The definition of success in a given cloze test varies, depending on the broader goals behind the exercise. Assessment may depend on whether the exercise is objective (i.e. students are given a list of words to use in a cloze) or subjective (i.e. students are to fill in a cloze with words that would make a given sentence grammatically correct).

  8. Exercises in Style - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exercises_in_Style

    Exercises in Style (French: Exercices de style), written by Raymond Queneau, is a collection of 99 retellings of the same story, each in a different style.In each, the narrator gets on the "S" bus (now no. 84), witnesses an altercation between a man (a zazou) with a long neck and funny hat and another passenger, and then sees the same person two hours later at the Gare St-Lazare getting advice ...

  9. Spanish pronouns - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_pronouns

    Spanish pronouns in some ways work quite differently from their English counterparts. Subject pronouns are often omitted, and object pronouns come in clitic and non-clitic forms. When used as clitics, object pronouns can appear as proclitics that come before the verb or as enclitics attached to the end of the verb in different linguistic ...