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The foramen magnum is located inferiorly under the skull, which puts much of the weight of the head behind the spine. The flat human face helps to maintain balance on the occipital condyles . Because of this, the erect position of the head is possible without the prominent supraorbital ridges and the strong muscular attachments found in, for ...
The forward shift of the foramen magnum is apparent in bipedal hominins, including modern humans, Australopithecus africanus, and Paranthropus boisei. This common feature of bipedal hominins is the driving argument used by Michel Brunet that Sahelanthropus tchadensis was also bipedal, and may be the earliest known bipedal ape.
Bipedalism. An ostrich, the co-fastest extant biped [1] along with the red kangaroo, at 70 km/h (43 mph) [2] [note 1] Bipedalism is a form of terrestrial locomotion where an animal moves by means of its two rear (or lower) limbs or legs. An animal or machine that usually moves in a bipedal manner is known as a biped / ˈbaɪpɛd /, meaning 'two ...
In 1924, the discovery of remains of the Taung Child in South Africa provided further evidence of bipedalism and orthograde posture. [9] The skull belonged to a three-year-old child, later identified as Australopithecus africanus. The skull was an indicator of orthograde posture because of the location and orientation of the foramen magnum.
Facultative bipedalism. A facultative biped is an animal that is capable of walking or running on two legs (bipedal), as a response to exceptional circumstances (facultative), while normally walking or running on four limbs or more. [1] In contrast, obligate bipedalism is where walking or running on two legs is the primary method of locomotion.
The forehead of the chimpanzee receded to form a heavy browridge and a jutting jaw; the Taung Child's forehead recedes but leaves no browridge. Its foramen magnum, a void in the cranium, where the spinal cord is continuous with the brain, is beneath the cranium so the creature must have stood upright. [30] This is an indication of bipedal ...
Obturator externus groove. The obturator externus groove is the groove on the posterior neck of the femur for the insertion of the obturator externus muscle, a muscle that is important during bipedal locomotion. It is located within the depression of the trochanteric fossa . This landmark is used as evidence of bipedal locomotion in the ...
The nuchal lines are four curved lines on the external surface of the occipital bone: The upper, often faintly marked, is named the highest nuchal line, but is sometimes referred to as the Mempin line or linea suprema, and it attaches to the epicranial aponeurosis. Below the highest nuchal line is the superior nuchal line.