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Methamphetamine is excreted by the kidneys, with the rate of excretion into the urine heavily influenced by urinary pH. [26] [153] When taken orally, 30–54% of the dose is excreted in urine as methamphetamine and 10–23% as amphetamine. [153] Following IV doses, about 45% is excreted as methamphetamine and 7% as amphetamine. [153]
Amphetamine is illegally synthesized in clandestine labs and sold on the black market, primarily in European countries. [273] Among European Union (EU) member states in 2018, 11.9 million adults of ages 15–64 have used amphetamine or methamphetamine at least once in their lives and 1.7 million have used either in the last year. [274]
Substituted amphetamines, or simply amphetamines, are a class of compounds based upon the amphetamine structure; [1] it includes all derivative compounds which are formed by replacing, or substituting, one or more hydrogen atoms in the amphetamine core structure with substituents.
Amphetamine type stimulants can be used in the treatment of narcolepsy, a rare neurological disorder where the brain is unable to regulate the sleep-wake mechanism. [17] Amphetamines causes an increase in dopamine release, which is the proposed mechanism for its wake-promoting effect. [18]
3,4-Methylenedioxyamphetamine (MDA) is an empathogen-entactogen, stimulant, and psychedelic drug of the amphetamine family that is encountered mainly as a recreational drug. [3] In its pharmacology , MDA is a serotonin–norepinephrine–dopamine releasing agent (SNDRA).
Levmetamfetamine, also known as L-α,N-dimethyl-β-phenylethylamine or as L-N-methylamphetamine, is a substituted phenethylamine and amphetamine. [2] [44] It is the levorotatory enantiomer of methamphetamine. [2] Racemic methamphetamine contains two optical isomers in equal amounts, dextromethamphetamine (the dextrorotatory enantiomer) and ...
MDMA is less addictive than other stimulants such as methamphetamine and cocaine. [105] [106] Compared with amphetamine, MDMA and its metabolite MDA are less reinforcing. [107] One study found approximately 15% of chronic MDMA users met the DSM-IV diagnostic criteria for substance dependence. [108]
Dimethylamphetamine (Metrotonin), also known as dimetamfetamine , dimephenopan and N,N-dimethylamphetamine, is a stimulant drug of the phenethylamine and amphetamine chemical classes. Dimethylamphetamine has weaker stimulant effects than amphetamine or methamphetamine and is considerably less addictive [1] and less neurotoxic compared to ...