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The number e is a mathematical constant approximately equal to 2.71828 that is the base of the natural logarithm and exponential function.It is sometimes called Euler's number, after the Swiss mathematician Leonhard Euler, though this can invite confusion with Euler numbers, or with Euler's constant, a different constant typically denoted .
In mathematics, Euler's identity [note 1] (also known as Euler's equation) is the equality + = where e {\displaystyle e} is Euler's number , the base of natural logarithms , i {\displaystyle i} is the imaginary unit , which by definition satisfies i 2 = − 1 {\displaystyle i^{2}=-1} , and
The Euler numbers appear in the Taylor series expansions of the secant and hyperbolic secant functions. The latter is the function in the definition. The latter is the function in the definition. They also occur in combinatorics , specifically when counting the number of alternating permutations of a set with an even number of elements.
In other words, the n th digit of this number is 1 only if n is one of the numbers 1! = 1, 2! = 2, 3! = 6, 4! = 24, etc. Liouville showed that this number belongs to a class of transcendental numbers that can be more closely approximated by rational numbers than can any irrational algebraic number, and this class of numbers is called the ...
The mathematical constant e can be represented in a variety of ways as a real number.Since e is an irrational number (see proof that e is irrational), it cannot be represented as the quotient of two integers, but it can be represented as a continued fraction.
Euler's formula is ubiquitous in mathematics, physics, chemistry, and engineering. The physicist Richard Feynman called the equation "our jewel" and "the most remarkable formula in mathematics". [2] When x = π, Euler's formula may be rewritten as e iπ + 1 = 0 or e iπ = −1, which is known as Euler's identity.
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More generally, e q is irrational for any non-zero rational q. [13] Charles Hermite further proved that e is a transcendental number, in 1873, which means that is not a root of any polynomial with rational coefficients, as is e α for any non-zero algebraic α. [14]