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Nicotine is an agonist at nicotinic acetylcholine receptor which are present in the central and autonomic nervous systems, and the neuromuscular junction. At low doses nicotine causes stimulatory effects on these receptors, however, higher doses or more sustained exposures can cause inhibitory effects leading to neuromuscular blockade. [4] [30]
A 2018 Cochrane review found that, in rare cases, nicotine replacement therapy can cause non-ischemic chest pain (i.e., chest pain that is unrelated to a heart attack) and heart palpitations, but does not increase the incidence of serious cardiac adverse events (i.e., myocardial infarction, stroke, and cardiac death) relative to controls. [47]
[3] The primary symptoms of GTS can be separated into two categories, neurological and respiratory. Those referred to as neurological complaints include headaches, dizziness, nausea, vomiting, chills, weakness, and increased perspiration and salivation. Symptoms that fall into the respiratory category include coughing and trouble breathing. [2]
Again, if you currently smoke cigarettes, she recommends talking to a doctor about your options for quitting smoking, including using nicotine replacement therapy or smoking cessation medications.
Nicotine can also irritate the mucus membrane that aligns the throat and esophagus, which can lead to hiccups, she said. It can also stimulate stomach acid production and can cause reflux ...
Nicotine negatively affects the prefrontal cortex of the developing brain. Prenatal nicotine exposure can result in long-term adverse effects to the developing brain. [notes 3] [14] Prenatal nicotine exposure has been associated with dysregulation of catecholaminergic, serotonergic, and other neurotransmitter systems. [15]
Smoking cessation, usually called quitting smoking or stopping smoking, is the process of discontinuing tobacco smoking. [1] Tobacco smoke contains nicotine, which is addictive and can cause dependence. [2] [3] As a result, nicotine withdrawal often makes the process of quitting difficult.
The onset of these symptoms is very fast, nicotine's half-life being only two hours. [154] The psychological dependence may linger for months or even many years. Unlike some recreational drugs, nicotine does not measurably alter a smoker's motor skills, judgement, or language abilities while under the influence of the drug. Nicotine withdrawal ...