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Nicotine is an agonist at nicotinic acetylcholine receptor which are present in the central and autonomic nervous systems, and the neuromuscular junction. At low doses nicotine causes stimulatory effects on these receptors, however, higher doses or more sustained exposures can cause inhibitory effects leading to neuromuscular blockade. [4] [30]
[3] The primary symptoms of GTS can be separated into two categories, neurological and respiratory. Those referred to as neurological complaints include headaches, dizziness, nausea, vomiting, chills, weakness, and increased perspiration and salivation. Symptoms that fall into the respiratory category include coughing and trouble breathing. [2]
Continuous exposure to nicotine can cause an increase in the number of nicotinic receptors, which is believed to be a result of receptor desensitization and subsequent receptor upregulation. [10] Long-term exposure to nicotine can also result in downregulation of glutamate transporter 1. [54]
Only when e-cigarettes “pass” the efficacy and safety tests, meaning they are truly effective in long-term smoking cessation and do not cause long-term harm, Vijayaraghavan says, can they be ...
A 2018 Cochrane review found that, in rare cases, nicotine replacement therapy can cause non-ischemic chest pain (i.e., chest pain that is unrelated to a heart attack) and heart palpitations, but does not increase the incidence of serious cardiac adverse events (i.e., myocardial infarction, stroke, and cardiac death) relative to controls. [47]
A heart attack can cause symptoms such as: Chest pain that often radiates to your left shoulder, neck, or arm. Abdominal pain. Shortness of breath. Fatigue. Pressure or heaviness in your chest ...
Local irritation can be induced by skin or mucosal nicotine exposure. [172] The nicotine in e-liquid can be hazardous to infants. [173] Even a portion of e-liquid may be lethal to a little child. [174] An excessive amount of nicotine for a child that is capable of being fatal is 0.1–0.2 mg/kg of body weight. [63]
This is an accepted version of this page This is the latest accepted revision, reviewed on 10 December 2024. Circumstances, mechanisms, and factors of tobacco consumption on human health "Health effects of smoking" and "Dangers of smoking" redirect here. For cannabis, see Effects of cannabis. For smoking crack cocaine, see Crack cocaine § Health issues. "Smoking and health" redirects here ...