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Inbreeding is also used to reveal deleterious recessive alleles, which can then be eliminated through assortative breeding or through culling. In plant breeding, inbred lines are used as stocks for the creation of hybrid lines to make use of the effects of heterosis. Inbreeding in plants also occurs naturally in the form of self-pollination.
Their model predicted that most plants would either be outcrossing or selfing. [12] The observation of large numbers of species with mixed mating contradicted this idea, and motivated others to develop models to explain the prevalence of mixed mating systems including ideas such as selective interference and pollen discounting.
Production of some products is highly concentrated in a few countries, China, the leading producer of wheat and ramie in 2013, produces 95% of the world's ramie fiber but only 17% of the world's wheat. Products with more evenly distributed production see more frequent changes in the ranking of the top producers.
Plant breeding can be performed using many different techniques, ranging from the selection of the most desirable plants for propagation, to methods that make use of knowledge of genetics and chromosomes, to more complex molecular techniques. Genes in a plant are what determine what type of qualitative or quantitative traits it will have.
Percentage figures for arable land, permanent crops land and other lands are all taken from the CIA World Factbook [1] as well as total land area figures [2] (Note: the total area of a country is defined as the sum of total land area and total water area together.) All other figures, including total cultivated land area, are calculated on the ...
The plants listed may be ornamental, medicinal, and/or edible. Several of them bear edible fruit. Plants are selectively bred for phenotypic traits (such as flower colour) and other hereditary traits. When developing a new variety, a plant breeder might value such characteristics as appearance, disease resistance, and hardiness.
Almost no inbreeding depression occurs in self-fertilizing plants because the mode of reproduction allows natural selection to take place in wild populations of such plants. Critical steps in the improvement of self-fertilizing crops are the choice of parents and the identification of the best plants in segregating generations.
Countries by apple production in 2016 A map of apple output in 2005 A map of world apple producing regions in 2000. This is a list of countries by apple production in 2019, 2020, 2021 and 2022 based on data from the Food and Agriculture Organization Corporate Statistical Database [1] The estimated total world production of apples in 2022 was 95,835,965 metric tonnes, up 2.0% from 93,924,721 ...