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Throughout pregnancy, the uterus experiences motor denervation, thus inhibiting spontaneous contractions. The remaining contractions are predominantly hormonally controlled. The decrease in the coordination of uterine smooth muscles cells reduces the effectiveness of contractions, causing the uterus to enter a state of uterine quiescence. [8]
Outlet forceps delivery, where the forceps are applied when the fetal head has reached the perineal floor and its scalp is visible between contractions. [9] This type of assisted delivery is performed only when the fetal head is in a straight forward or backward vertex position or in slight rotation (less than 45 degrees to the right or left ...
The step lengthens as the pregnancy progresses, due to weight gain and changes in posture. On average, a woman's foot can grow by a half size or more during pregnancy. In addition, the increased body weight of pregnancy, fluid retention, and weight gain lowers the arches of the foot, further adding to the foot's length and width.
Preterm premature rupture of membranes (PPROM) is when water breaks both before the onset of labor and before the pregnancy's 37 week gestation. [ 3 ] [ 4 ] In the United States, more than 120,000 pregnancies per year are affected by a premature rupture of membranes, which is the cause of about one third of preterm deliveries .
Braxton Hicks contractions allow the pregnant woman's body to prepare for labor. [1] However, the presence of Braxton Hicks contractions does not mean a woman is in labor or even that labor is about to commence. [1] Another common cause of pain in pregnancy is round ligament pain. Table 1. Braxton Hicks contractions vs. true labor [1]
Definition: Relationship between the longitudinal axis of fetus and mother: longitudinal (resulting in either cephalic or breech presentation) oblique (unstable, will eventually become either transverse or longitudinal) transverse (resulting in shoulder presentation) back up; back down (indication for vertical uterine incision during cesarean ...
Then adding up those numbers generated by each contraction within a 10-minute window. For example, five contractions occurred, producing peak pressures of 55, 50, 45, 65, and 50 mm Hg, respectively. The resting tone of the contractions is 10. 55-10 = 45 50-10 = 40 45-10 = 35 65-10 = 55 50-10 = 40 45+40+35+55+40 = 215 MVUs
Cephalopelvic disproportion (CPD) exists when the capacity of the pelvis is inadequate to allow the fetus to negotiate the birth canal.This may be due to a small pelvis, a nongynecoid pelvic formation, a large fetus, an unfavorable orientation of the fetus, or a combination of these factors.