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Lupus erythematosus may manifest as systemic disease or in a purely cutaneous form also known as incomplete lupus erythematosus. Lupus has four main types: [citation needed] systemic; discoid; drug-induced; neonatal; Of these, systemic lupus erythematosus (also known as SLE) is the most common and serious form.
Lupus nephritis: Kidneys: Anti-dsDNA, Anti-Sm, Anti-nuclear antibodies Confirmed Up to 60% of those with Lupus [49] Interstitial nephritis: Kidneys: Various autoantibodies Probable Varies widely, often drug-induced [50] Interstitial cystitis: Bladder: Anti-urothelial and anti-nuclear antibodies Probable 100-450 per 100,000 women, less common in ...
In a review of 65 individuals with cSLE caused by the drugs cited in the above section "Drug", discontinuing the responsible drug in 100% of cases and treatment with a glucocorticoid in 53.3% of cases, hydroxychloroquine in 8.4% of cases, and cyclophosphamide in 3.3% of cases resulted in improvements in 92.0% of the 63 individuals available for ...
Hydroxychloroquine was approved by the FDA for lupus in 1955. [120] Some drugs approved for other diseases are used for SLE 'off-label'. In November 2010, an FDA advisory panel recommended approving belimumab (Benlysta) as a treatment for the pain and flare-ups common in lupus. The drug was approved by the FDA in March 2011. [121] [122]
Voclosporin, sold under the brand name Lupkynis, is a calcineurin inhibitor used as an immunosuppressant medication for the treatment of lupus nephritis. [2] [4] It is an analog of ciclosporin that has enhanced action against calcineurin and greater metabolic stability. [5]
Mycophenolic acid is an immunosuppressant medication used to prevent rejection following organ transplantation and to treat autoimmune conditions such as Crohn's disease and lupus. [13] [14] Specifically it is used following kidney, heart, and liver transplantation. [14] It can be given by mouth or by injection into a vein. [14]
Azathioprine, sold under the brand name Imuran, among others, is an immunosuppressive medication. [5] It is used for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis, granulomatosis with polyangiitis, Crohn's disease, ulcerative colitis, and systemic lupus erythematosus, and in kidney transplants to prevent rejection.
Diffuse proliferative lupus nephritis as seen in a pathology specimen: Corticosteroids and immunosuppressant drugs Class V: Membranous glomerulonephritis: 10% Diffuse thickening of the glomerular capillary wall (segmentally or globally), with diffuse membrane thickening, and subepithelial deposits seen under the electron microscope.