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The three Royal Houses of Wales' regions were first divided by Rhodri the Great in the 9th century. Of his children, two of King's sons began royal dynasties. Anarawd reigned in Gwynedd , and Cadell founded Deheubarth , then another son Merfyn reigned in Powys (Mathrafal emerged as a cadet branch of Dinefwr in the 11th century). [136] [149]
King Æthelstan of England asserts authority over the Welsh kings, and fixes the border between England and Wales at the River Wye; [65] this may have been the first time a border dispute (involving the Welsh in the Witangemot) was settled by discussion, rather than by war [64]
The earliest known item of human remains discovered in modern-day Wales is a Neanderthal jawbone, found at the Bontnewydd Palaeolithic site in the valley of the River Elwy in North Wales; it dates from about 230,000 years before present (BP) in the Lower Palaeolithic period, [1] and from then, there have been skeletal remains found of the Paleolithic Age man in multiple regions of Wales ...
Latin versions of "King of Wales" (Welsh: Brenin Cymru) were titles used on a handful of occasions in the Middle Ages. They were very seldom claimed or applied by contemporaries, because Wales , much like Ireland , usually had neither the political unity nor the sovereignty of other contemporary European kingdoms such as England and Scotland .
This is the family tree of the kings of the respective Welsh medieval kingdoms of Gwynedd, Deheubarth and Powys, and some of their more prominent relatives and heirs as the direct male line descendants of Cunedda Wledig of Gwynedd (401 – 1283), and Gwrtheyrn of Powys (c. 5th century – 1160), then also the separate Welsh kingdoms and petty kingdoms, and then eventually Powys Fadog until the ...
The first known use of the title "Prince of Wales" [note 1] was in the 1160s by Owain Gwynedd, ruler of Kingdom of Gwynedd, in a letter to Louis VII of France. [2] In the 12th century, Wales was a patchwork of Anglo-Norman Lordships and native Welsh principalities – notably Deheubarth, Powys and Gwynedd – competing among themselves for hegemony. [3]
Wales in the early Middle Ages was a society with a landed warrior aristocracy, [45] and after c. 500 Welsh politics were dominated by kings with territorial kingdoms. [46] The legitimacy of the kingship was of paramount importance, [ 47 ] the legitimate attainment of power was by dynastic inheritance or military proficiency. [ 48 ]
1135 Death of Henry I, accession of King Stephen to English throne; 1137 Beginning of a civil war between King Stephen and the Empress Matilda over the succession to the English throne; accession of Owain Gwynedd, the first Welsh ruler to style himself prince of Wales; 1154 Death of King Stephen, accession of Henry II to the English throne