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Mark H. Ashcraft defines math anxiety as "a feeling of tension, apprehension, or fear that interferes with math performance" (2002, p. 1). [2] It is a phenomenon that is often considered when examining students' problems in mathematics. According to the American Psychological Association, mathematical anxiety is often linked to testing anxiety ...
Test anxiety. Test anxiety is a combination of physiological over-arousal, tension and somatic symptoms, along with worry, dread, fear of failure, and catastrophizing, that occur before or during test situations. [1] It is a psychological condition in which people experience extreme stress, anxiety, and discomfort during and/or before taking a ...
The evaluation apprehension theory was proposed by Nickolas B. Cottrell in 1972. He argued that we quickly learn that the social rewards and punishments (for example, in the form of approval and disapproval) that we receive from other people are based on their evaluations of us. On this basis, our arousal may be modulated.
The Yerkes–Dodson law is an empirical relationship between arousal and performance, originally developed by psychologists Robert M. Yerkes and John Dillingham Dodson in 1908. [1] The law dictates that performance increases with physiological or mental arousal, but only up to a point. When levels of arousal become too high, performance ...
Appraisal theory. Appraisal theory is the theory in psychology that emotions are extracted from our evaluations (appraisals or estimates) of events that cause specific reactions in different people. Essentially, our appraisal of a situation causes an emotional, or affective, response that is going to be based on that appraisal. [1]
Cognitive appraisal (also called simply 'appraisal') is the subjective interpretation made by an individual to stimuli in the environment. It is a component in a variety of theories relating to stress, mental health, coping, and emotion. It is most notably used in the transactional model of stress and coping, introduced in a 1984 publication by ...
Review and revise the New York State learning standards to: better align with college and career expectations, and update for family and consumer sciences, health, media literacy, and climate ...
A performance appraisal, also referred to as a performance review, performance evaluation, [1] (career) development discussion, [2] or employee appraisal, sometimes shortened to " PA ", [a] is a periodic and systematic process whereby the job performance of an employee is documented and evaluated. This is done after employees are trained about ...