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Any antiretroviral drug: Black tar heroin: Whoonga, Nyaope [8] Widespread use in South Africa. Whoonga is classically reputed to be a combination of heroin with antiretroviral drugs such as ritonavir and/or efavirenz, often combined with additional drugs such as cannabis or hashish, methamphetamine and/or methaqualone: Any deliriant or diphen ...
Additive effect often occurs when two similar drugs are taken together to achieve the same degree of therapeutic effect while reducing the specific adverse effect of one particular drug. For example, aspirin, paracetamol, and caffeine are formulated together to treat pain caused by tension headaches and migraine.
A popular example of drug–food interaction is the effect of grapefruit on the metabolism of drugs. Interactions may occur by simultaneous targeting of receptors, directly or indirectly. For example, both Zolpidem and alcohol affect GABA A receptors, and their simultaneous consumption results in the overstimulation of the receptor, which can ...
Caffeine is toxic to birds [303] and to dogs and cats, [304] and has a pronounced adverse effect on mollusks, various insects, and spiders. [305] This is at least partly due to a poor ability to metabolize the compound, causing higher levels for a given dose per unit weight. [184] Caffeine has also been found to enhance the reward memory of ...
Results from a 2007 study of 50 men and one case report from 2015 show that cabergoline can significantly improve function in men dealing with psychological or psychogenic ED and ED in general ...
Another example is Bex, a once popular Australian compound analgesic which is no longer sold. It contained 42% aspirin, 42% phenacetin, plus caffeine. [2]The United States Food and Drug Administration also now requires that manufacturers of compound analgesics unequivocally state each ingredient's purpose.
Caffeine is considered one of the most widely consumed drugs around the world. Around 80% of the world population consumes caffeine in one form or another. [ 2 ] It is found in coffee , tea , caffeinated alcoholic drinks , cocoa , chocolate , soft drinks , especially cola , and is an important component of energy drinks and other dietary ...
Caffeine can be used as a probe for three different enzymes by measuring several of its urinary metabolites and comparing their relative concentrations. The 'Cooperstown 5 + 1 cocktail', [ 2 ] in addition to the four drug probes mentioned above, incorporates warfarin as well.