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Thermofluids [1] [2] is a branch of science and engineering encompassing four intersecting fields: . Heat transfer; Thermodynamics; Fluid mechanics; Combustion; The term is a combination of "thermo", referring to heat, and "fluids", which refers to liquids, gases and vapors.
Experiments in Fluids is a scientific, peer-reviewed scientific journal published monthly by Springer Science+Business Media.The journal presents contributions that employ existing experimental techniques to gain an understanding of the underlying flow physics in specific areas.
Dimensionless numbers (or characteristic numbers) have an important role in analyzing the behavior of fluids and their flow as well as in other transport phenomena. [1] They include the Reynolds and the Mach numbers, which describe as ratios the relative magnitude of fluid and physical system characteristics, such as density, viscosity, speed of sound, and flow speed.
Heat Capacity: A fluid’s heat capacity indicates how much thermal energy it can transport and store, impacting the efficiency of the heat transfer process. [ 2 ] Thermal Conductivity and Thermal Diffusivity : These properties influence the rate at which heat is transferred through the fluid, affecting how quickly a system can respond to ...
A number of materials contract on heating within certain temperature ranges; this is usually called negative thermal expansion, rather than "thermal contraction".For example, the coefficient of thermal expansion of water drops to zero as it is cooled to 3.983 °C (39.169 °F) and then becomes negative below this temperature; this means that water has a maximum density at this temperature, and ...
In the same way that the heat transfer definition includes the specific heat capacity of the fluid, which describes the change in enthalpy of the fluid with respect to change in temperature and is defined as: = then a mass transfer-analogous specific mass capacity is required.
The above derivation uses the first and second laws of thermodynamics. The first law of thermodynamics is essentially a definition of heat, i.e. heat is the change in the internal energy of a system that is not caused by a change of the external parameters of the system.
Flux F through a surface, dS is the differential vector area element, n is the unit normal to the surface. Left: No flux passes in the surface, the maximum amount flows normal to the surface.