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The 12 founding member states of CERN in 1954. [13]The convention establishing CERN [14] was ratified on 29 September 1954 by 12 countries in Western Europe. [15] The acronym CERN originally represented the French words for Conseil Européen pour la Recherche Nucléaire ('European Council for Nuclear Research'), which was a provisional council for building the laboratory, established by 12 ...
The Oxford English Dictionary (OED) is the principal historical dictionary of the English language, published by Oxford University Press (OUP), a University of Oxford publishing house. The dictionary, which published its first edition in 1884, traces the historical development of the English language, providing a comprehensive resource to ...
For example, the oe in koekje or koekie becomes oo in cookie, [2] the ij (considered a vowel in Dutch) and the ui in vrijbuiter becomes ee and oo in freebooter, the aa in baas becomes o in boss, the oo in stoof becomes o in stove. As languages, English and Dutch are both West Germanic, and descend further back from the common ancestor language ...
History of PDF. The Portable Document Format (PDF) was created by Adobe Systems, introduced at the Windows and OS/2 Conference in January 1993 and remained a proprietary format until it was released as an open standard in 2008. Since then, it has been under the control of an International Organization for Standardization (ISO) committee of ...
This is an accepted version of this page This is the latest accepted revision, reviewed on 18 October 2024. Portable Document Format, a digital file format For other uses, see PDF (disambiguation). Portable Document Format Adobe PDF icon Filename extension.pdf Internet media type application/pdf, application/x-pdf application/x-bzpdf application/x-gzpdf Type code PDF (including a single ...
ENQUIRE was a software project written in 1980 by Tim Berners-Lee at CERN, [ 2 ] which was the predecessor to the World Wide Web. [ 2 ][ 3 ][ 4 ] It was a simple hypertext program [ 4 ] that had some of the same ideas as the Web and the Semantic Web but was different in several important ways. According to Berners-Lee, the name was inspired by ...
For example, renormalization in QED modifies the mass of the free field electron to match that of a physical electron (with an electromagnetic field), and will in doing so add a term to the free field Lagrangian which must be cancelled by a counterterm in the interaction Lagrangian, that then shows up as a two-line vertex in the Feynman diagrams.
Following community feedback, Version 1.1 was published in July 2011 to follow the generally accepted principles of the free and open-source movements and make it easier for use by entities other than CERN. [3] [4] Version 1.2, published in September 2013, removed the obligation for licensees that modified a CERN OHL-licensed design to notify ...