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The characteristic torus-shaped chamber is clad with graphite to help withstand the extreme heat. A tokamak (/ ˈtoʊkəmæk /; Russian: токамáк) is a device which uses a powerful magnetic field generated by external magnets to confine plasma in the shape of an axially symmetrical torus. [ 1 ]
Mulliken charges arise from the Mulliken population analysis [1] [2] and provide a means of estimating partial atomic charges from calculations carried out by the methods of computational chemistry, particularly those based on the linear combination of atomic orbitals molecular orbital method, and are routinely used as variables in linear regression (QSAR [3]) procedures. [4]
The atomic binding energy of the atom is the energy required to disassemble an atom into free electrons and a nucleus. [4] It is the sum of the ionization energies of all the electrons belonging to a specific atom. The atomic binding energy derives from the electromagnetic interaction of the electrons with the nucleus, mediated by photons.
In 1924, Gustav Ising published the first description of a linear particle accelerator using a series of accelerating gaps. Particles would proceed down a series of tubes. At a regular frequency, an accelerating voltage would be applied across each gap. As the particles gained speed while the frequency remained constant, the gaps would be ...
In nuclear physics and nuclear chemistry, a nuclear reaction is a process in which two nuclei, or a nucleus and an external subatomic particle, collide to produce one or more new nuclides. Thus, a nuclear reaction must cause a transformation of at least one nuclide to another. If a nucleus interacts with another nucleus or particle, they then ...
The atomic binding energy is simply the amount of energy (and mass) released, when a collection of free nucleons are joined to form a nucleus. Nuclear binding energy can be computed from the difference in mass of a nucleus, and the sum of the masses of the number of free neutrons and protons that make up the nucleus.
Mark Giannotto, USA TODAY. October 16, 2024 at 6:07 AM. The Los Angeles Dodgers and New York Mets are tied at one game apiece in the 2024 National League Championship Series, and now the action ...
Nuclear weapon design. Appearance. The first nuclear explosive devices provided the basic building blocks of future weapons. Pictured is the Gadget device being prepared for the Trinity nuclear test. Nuclear weapon designs are physical, chemical, and engineering arrangements that cause the physics package [ 1 ] of a nuclear weapon to detonate.