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In chemistry, an alcohol (from the Arabic word al-kuḥl, الكحل) is a type of organic compound that carries at least one hydroxyl (−OH) functional group bound to a saturated carbon atom. [ 2 ][ 3 ] Alcohols range from the simple, like methanol and ethanol, to complex, like sugars and cholesterol. The presence of an OH group strongly ...
Lucas' reagent. "Lucas' reagent" is a solution of anhydrous zinc chloride in concentrated hydrochloric acid. This solution is used to classify alcohols of low molecular weight. The reaction is a substitution in which the chloride replaces a hydroxyl group. A positive test is indicated by a change from clear and colourless to turbid, signalling ...
Ethanol fermentation, also called alcoholic fermentation, is a biological process which converts sugars such as glucose, fructose, and sucrose into cellular energy, producing ethanol and carbon dioxide as by-products. Because yeasts perform this conversion in the absence of oxygen, alcoholic fermentation is considered an anaerobic process.
This reaction, which is conducted on large scale industrially, requires the removal of the water from the reaction mixture as it is formed. Esters react in the presence of an acid or base to give back the alcohol and a salt. This reaction is known as saponification because it is used in the preparation of soap. Ethanol can also form esters with ...
Alcohol oxidation is a collection of oxidation reactions in organic chemistry that convert alcohols to aldehydes, ketones, carboxylic acids, and esters. The reaction mainly applies to primary and secondary alcohols. Secondary alcohols form ketones, while primary alcohols form aldehydes or carboxylic acids. [1] A variety of oxidants can be used.
These data correlate as ρ [g/cm3] = −8.461834×10−4T[°C] + 0.8063372 with an R2= 0.99999. Properties of aqueous ethanol solutions. [edit] Data obtained from Lange 1967. Mass fraction, Volume concentration, Mass concentration, g/(100 ml) at 15.56 °C. Density relative to 4 °C water [citation needed] Density at 20 °C relative to 20 °C water.
Carbonyl reduction. Oxidation ladders such as this one are used to illustrate sequences of carbonyls which can be interconverted through oxidations or reductions. In organic chemistry, carbonyl reduction is the conversion of any carbonyl group, usually to an alcohol. It is a common transformation that is practiced in many ways. [1]
Hydration reaction. In chemistry, a hydration reaction is a chemical reaction in which a substance combines with water. In organic chemistry, water is added to an unsaturated substrate, which is usually an alkene or an alkyne. This type of reaction is employed industrially to produce ethanol, isopropanol, and butan-2-ol. [1]