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Oxidative stress mechanisms in tissue injury. Free radical toxicity induced by xenobiotics and the subsequent detoxification by cellular enzymes (termination).. Oxidative stress reflects an imbalance between the systemic manifestation of reactive oxygen species and a biological system's ability to readily detoxify the reactive intermediates or to repair the resulting damage. [1]
XthA (exonuclease III, a DNA repair enzyme) and KatE (catalase) are known to play important roles in the defense against oxidative stress but KatF regulon genes are not induced by oxidative stress. [2] There is an overlap between oxidative stress response and other regulatory networks like heat shock response, SOS response.
Lipid peroxidation, or lipid oxidation, is a complex chemical process that leads to oxidative degradation of lipids, [1] resulting in the formation of peroxide and hydroperoxide derivatives. [2] It occurs when free radicals , specifically reactive oxygen species (ROS), interact with lipids within cell membranes , typically polyunsaturated fatty ...
Pro-oxidants are chemicals that induce oxidative stress, either by generating reactive oxygen species or by inhibiting antioxidant systems. [1] The oxidative stress produced by these chemicals can damage cells and tissues, for example, an overdose of the analgesic paracetamol (acetaminophen) can fatally damage the liver, partly through its production of reactive oxygen species.
ALCAT1 expression is up-regulated by ROS from oxidative stress associated with age-related diseases. Cardiolipin remodeling with poly-unsaturated fatty acids by ALCAT1 causes cardiolipin peroxidation , leading to a vicious cycle of ROS production, cardiolipins peroxidation, and mitochondrial dysfunction, which promotes the development of age ...
Oxidative free radicals, such as the hydroxyl radical and the superoxide radical, can cause DNA damages, and such damages have been proposed to play a key role in the aging of crucial tissues. [20] DNA damage can result in reduced gene expression , cell death and ultimately tissue dysfunction.
Rubrerythrin (RBR) is a non-heme iron-containing metalloprotein involved in oxidative stress tolerance within anaerobic bacteria. [1] It contains a di-iron active site, where peroxide is reduced into two water molecules, and a mono-iron rubredoxin -like domain thought to be involved in electron transfer . [ 2 ]
Epigenetic imprinting is lost during reactive oxygen species stress. This type of oxidative stress causes a loss of NF- κB signaling. Enhancer blocking element CCCTC-binding factor binds to the imprint control region of insulin-like growth factor 2 (IGF2) preventing the enhancers from allowing the transcription of the gene.