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Prescription stimulant use was defined as adults filling one or more stimulant prescriptions that contained amphetamines and methylphenidate, which is the active ingredient in Ritalin.
Methylphenidate is used for the treatment of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). [30] The dosage may vary and is titrated to effect, with some guidelines recommending initial treatment with a low dose. [31] Methylphenidate is available in both immediate-release and modified-release formulations to provide a sustained release of the ...
One in four U.S. adults suspects they may have ADHD and drugs are a first line of treatment for this condition. But what does research say about their impact on the brain and quality of life?
[92] [93] [94] An evidence review noted the findings of a randomized controlled trial of amphetamine treatment for ADHD in Swedish children following 9 months of amphetamine use. [85] During treatment, the children experienced improvements in attention, disruptive behaviors, and hyperactivity, and an average change of +4.5 in IQ . [ 85 ]
A 2018 Cochrane review found that methylphenidate might be associated with serious side effects such as heart problems, psychosis, and death. The certainty of the evidence was stated as very low. [31] The same review found tentative evidence that it may cause both serious and non-serious adverse effects in children. [31] [a]
Subsequently, amphetamine was used in the treatment of narcolepsy, obesity, hay fever, orthostatic hypotension, epilepsy, Parkinson's disease, alcoholism and migraine. [12] [15] The "reinforcing" effects of substituted amphetamines were quickly discovered, and the misuse of substituted amphetamines had been noted as far back as 1936. [15]
A systematic review and meta-analysis from 2019 assessed the efficacy of 17 different pharmacotherapies used in randomized controlled trials (RCTs) for amphetamine and methamphetamine addiction; [147] it found only low-strength evidence that methylphenidate might reduce amphetamine or methamphetamine self-administration. [147]
Despite having a similar therapeutic mechanism of action as first-line medications containing amphetamine, the prescription of dextromethamphetamine for ADHD is rare due its relatively greater reinforcing potential, in addition to the comparable efficacy and presumably greater safety of methylphenidate and amphetamine.