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Electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) or electron spin resonance (ESR) spectroscopy is a method for studying materials that have unpaired electrons.The basic concepts of EPR are analogous to those of nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), but the spins excited are those of the electrons instead of the atomic nuclei.
Electron spin resonance dating is being used in fields like radiation chemistry, biochemistry, and as well as geology, archaeology, and anthropology. [4] ESR dating is used instead of radiocarbon dating or radiometric dating because ESR dating can be applied on materials different from other methods, as well as covering different age ranges. [1]
Larmor precession is important in nuclear magnetic resonance, magnetic resonance imaging, electron paramagnetic resonance, muon spin resonance, and neutron spin echo. It is also important for the alignment of cosmic dust grains, which is a cause of the polarization of starlight.
Electric dipole spin resonance (EDSR) is a method to control the magnetic moments inside a material using quantum mechanical effects like the spin–orbit interaction. Mainly, EDSR allows to flip the orientation of the magnetic moments through the use of electromagnetic radiation at resonant frequencies.
Electron spin resonance, a technique used in chemical spectroscopy to identify unpaired electrons and free radicals; Electron spin resonance dating, a dating technique used in archaeology and geology; Erythrocyte sedimentation rate, the rate at which red blood cells sediment; Estrogen receptor, a group of proteins
Spin echo animation showing the response of electron spins (red arrows) in the blue Bloch sphere to the green pulse sequence. Pulsed electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) is an electron paramagnetic resonance technique that involves the alignment of the net magnetization vector of the electron spins in a constant magnetic field. This alignment ...
Electron spin plays an important role in magnetism, with applications for instance in computer memories. The manipulation of nuclear spin by radio-frequency waves (nuclear magnetic resonance) is important in chemical spectroscopy and medical imaging.
Fast spin echo (RARE, FAISE or FSE [10] [11] [12]), also called turbo spin echo (TSE) is an MRI sequence that results in fast scan times. In this sequence, several 180 refocusing radio-frequency pulses are delivered during each echo time (TR) interval, and the phase-encoding gradient is briefly switched on between echoes. [ 13 ]