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Citing inadequacies with current practices in listing authors of papers in medical research journals, Drummond Rennie and co-authors, writing in the Journal of the American Medical Association (JAMA) in 1997, called for: a radical conceptual and systematic change, to reflect the realities of multiple authorship and to buttress accountability.
Ghost authorship occurs when an individual makes a substantial contribution to the research or the writing of the report, but is not listed as an author. [53] Researchers, statisticians and writers (e.g. medical writers or technical writers ) become ghost authors when they meet authorship criteria but are not named as an author.
Conceptual writing (often used interchangeably with conceptual poetry) is a style of writing which relies on processes and experiments.This can include texts which may be reduced to a set of procedures, a generative instruction or constraint, or a "concept" which precedes and is considered more important than the resulting text(s).
Academic writing often features prose register that is conventionally characterized by "evidence...that the writer(s) have been persistent, open-minded and disciplined in the study"; that prioritizes "reason over emotion or sensual perception"; and that imagines a reader who is "coolly rational, reading for information, and intending to formulate a reasoned response."
The explicit definition of what a conceptual framework is and its application can therefore vary. Conceptual frameworks are beneficial as organizing devices in empirical research. One set of scholars has applied the notion of a conceptual framework to deductive, empirical research at the micro- or individual study level.
Committed literature (French: littérature engagée) can be defined as an approach of an author, poet, novelist, playwright or composer who commits their work to defend or assert an ethical, political, social, ideological or religious view, most often through their works but also can loosely be defined as being through their direct intervention as an "intellectual", in public affairs (Crowly ...
Film director and critic François Truffaut in 1965. Even before auteur theory, the director was considered the most important influence on a film. In Germany, an early film theorist, Walter Julius Bloem, explained that since filmmaking is an art geared toward popular culture, a film's immediate influence, the director, is viewed as the artist, whereas an earlier contributor, like the ...
The individual contributions made by authors to a joint work need not necessarily be equal in quality or quantity. [8] Nevertheless, the author has to show that his contribution to the joint work is copyrightable by itself. [7] [9] A contribution of mere ideas is not sufficient. [10] In order to be a joint author, one must contribute expression ...