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A distinction can be made between botanical science in a pure sense, as the study of plants themselves, and botany as applied science, which studies the human use of plants. Early natural history divided pure botany into three main streams morphology - classification , anatomy and physiology – that is, external form, internal structure, and ...
The state of Paleoethnobotany as a discipline today stems from a long history of development that spans more than two hundred years [specify].Its current form is the product of steady progression by all aspects of the field, including methodology, analysis and research.
The identification of plant fossils in Cambrian strata is an uncertain area in the evolutionary history of plants because of the small and soft-bodied nature of these plants. It is also difficult in a fossil of this age to distinguish among various similar appearing groups with simple branching patterns, and not all of these groups are plants.
The Carboniferous rainforest collapse occurs, causing a minor extinction event, as well as paving the way for amniotes to become dominant over amphibians and seed plants over ferns and lycophytes. First diapsid reptiles (e.g. Petrolacosaurus). 280 Ma Earliest beetles, seed plants and conifers diversify while lepidodendrids and sphenopsids decrease.
H. erectus is the first known species to develop control of fire, by about 1.5 Ma. H. erectus later migrates throughout Eurasia, reaching Southeast Asia by 0.7 Ma. It is described in a number of subspecies. [38] Early humans were social and initially scavenged, before becoming active hunters.
Land plants evolved from a group of freshwater green algae, perhaps as early as 850 mya, [3] but algae-like plants might have evolved as early as 1 billion years ago. [2] The closest living relatives of land plants are the charophytes, specifically Charales; if modern Charales are similar to the distant ancestors they share with land plants, this means that the land plants evolved from a ...
The earliest known musical instruments besides the human voice are bone flutes from the Swabian Jura in Germany, dated around 40,000 years old. [26] Paleolithic humans lived as hunter-gatherers and were generally nomadic. [27] The migration of anatomically modern humans out of Africa took place in multiple waves beginning 194,000–177,000 ...
C4 plants are mainly grasses from tropical and subtropical regions, and are adapted to higher levels of radiation than C3 plants. Corn, millet [66] and sugar cane are some well-known C4 crops, while trees and shrubs use the C3 pathway. [67] C4 carbon fixation is more efficient when temperatures are high and atmospheric CO 2 concentrations are ...