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In physics, an open quantum system is a quantum-mechanical system that interacts with an external quantum system, which is known as the environment or a bath.In general, these interactions significantly change the dynamics of the system and result in quantum dissipation, such that the information contained in the system is lost to its environment.
In quantum mechanics, the Gorini–Kossakowski–Sudarshan–Lindblad equation (GKSL equation, named after Vittorio Gorini, Andrzej Kossakowski, George Sudarshan and Göran Lindblad), master equation in Lindblad form, quantum Liouvillian, or Lindbladian is one of the general forms of Markovian master equations describing open quantum systems.
In this approach, classicality is described as an emergent property induced in open quantum systems by their environments. Due to the interaction with the environment, the vast majority of states in the Hilbert space of a quantum open system become highly unstable due to entangling interaction with the environment, which in effect monitors ...
Quantum Trajectory Theory (QTT) is a formulation of quantum mechanics used for simulating open quantum systems, quantum dissipation and single quantum systems. [1] It was developed by Howard Carmichael in the early 1990s around the same time as the similar formulation, known as the quantum jump method or Monte Carlo wave function (MCWF) method, developed by Dalibard, Castin and Mølmer. [2]
The quantum harmonic oscillator; The quantum harmonic oscillator with an applied uniform field [1] The Inverse square root potential [2] The periodic potential The particle in a lattice; The particle in a lattice of finite length [3] The Pöschl–Teller potential; The quantum pendulum; The three-dimensional potentials The rotating system The ...
Quantum thermodynamics: Emergence of Thermodynamic Behavior Within Composite Quantum Systems. 2nd edition, Springer, ISBN 978-3-540-70509-3. Heinz-Peter Breuer, Francesco Petruccione (2007). The Theory of Open Quantum Systems. Oxford University Press, ISBN 978-0-19-921390-0.
However, the quantum mechanical state of the system stays pure, thus such an approach can not describe dephasing unless a subsystem is chosen and the reduced density matrix of this open quantum system is analyzed. [5] Dephasing leads to quantum decoherence or information dissipation and is often important when describing open quantum systems ...
Carmichael has made seminal contributions to the field of quantum optics and open quantum systems over more than four decades. [4] [9] He is known particularly for his development of quantum trajectory theory (1993), which offers a way to describe the evolution of a quantum system as it interacts with its environment.