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Effective against aerobic bacteria (not obligate/facultative anaerobes) and tularemia. All aminoglycosides are ineffective when taken orally as the stomach will digest the drug before it goes into the bloodstream. However aminoglycosides are effective in Intravenous, intramuscular and topical forms. Hearing loss; Vertigo; Kidney damage
Anaerobic bacteria can be divided into strict anaerobes that can not grow in the presence of more than 0.5% oxygen and moderate anaerobic bacteria that are able of growing between 2 and 8% oxygen. [1] Anaerobic bacteria usually do not possess catalase, but some can generate superoxide dismutase which protects them from oxygen.
In these cases it is often used in combination with metronidazole, which provides coverage for anaerobic pathogens. [7] complicated urinary tract infections, including acute pyelonephritis, in adults. hospital-acquired bacterial pneumonia and ventilator-associated bacterial pneumonia. [11]
Aminoglycoside antibiotics display bactericidal activity against Gram-negative aerobes and some anaerobic bacilli where resistance has not yet arisen but generally not against Gram-positive and anaerobic Gram-negative bacteria. [3] Streptomycin is the first-in-class aminoglycoside antibiotic.
Additional side effects can result from interaction with other drugs, such as the possibility of tendon damage from the administration of a quinolone antibiotic with a systemic corticosteroid. [51] Some antibiotics may also damage the mitochondrion, a bacteria-derived organelle found in eukaryotic, including human, cells. [52]
Backbone structure of a carbapenem. Carbapenems are a class of very effective antibiotic agents most commonly used for treatment of severe bacterial infections.This class of antibiotics is usually reserved for known or suspected multidrug-resistant (MDR) bacterial infections.
They are used in human and veterinary medicine to treat bacterial infections, as well as in animal husbandry, specifically poultry production. [ 2 ] Nearly all quinolone antibiotics in use are fluoroquinolones , which contain a fluorine atom in their chemical structure and are effective against both Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria.
The first cephalosporins were designated first-generation cephalosporins, whereas, later, more extended-spectrum cephalosporins were classified as second-generation cephalosporins. Each newer generation has significantly greater Gram-negative antimicrobial properties than the preceding generation, in most cases with decreased activity against ...