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Fragile X syndrome (FXS) is a genetic neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by mild-to-moderate intellectual disability. [1] The average IQ in males with FXS is under 55, while about two thirds of affected females are intellectually disabled.
The condition is commonly inherited in connection with fragile X syndrome (FXS), which is also the second most common genetic cause of intellectual disability. [1] The condition is also a rare sign of McCune–Albright syndrome. [2] The opposite of macroorchidism is called microorchidism, which is the condition of abnormally small testes.
Fragile X-associated tremor/ataxia syndrome (FXTAS) is a late-onset neurodegenerative disorder most frequently seen in male premutation carriers of Fragile X syndrome (FXS) over the age of 50. [ 4 ] [ 5 ] The main clinical features of FXTAS include problems of movement with cerebellar gait ataxia and action tremor .
Mavoglurant (developmental code name AFQ-056) is an experimental drug candidate for the treatment of fragile X syndrome and other conditions. [1] [2] It exerts its effect as an antagonist of the metabotropic glutamate receptor 5 (mGluR 5). [3] [4] [5] Mavoglurant was under development by Novartis and reached phase II and phase III clinical trials.
Friedreich's ataxia (FRDA) is a rare, inherited, autosomal recessive neurodegenerative disorder that primarily affects the nervous system, causing progressive damage to the spinal cord, peripheral nerves, and cerebellum, leading to impaired muscle coordination ().
Fragile X-associated primary ovarian insufficiency (FXPOI) is the most common genetic cause of premature ovarian failure in women with a normal karyotype 46,XX. [1] The expansion of a CGG repeat in the 5' untranslated region of the FMR1 gene from the normal range of 5-45 repeats to the premutation range of 55-199 CGGs leads to risk of FXPOI for ovary-bearing individuals. [2]
Silencing of the FMR1 gene in Fragile X syndrome. FMR1 co-localizes with a rare fragile site, visible here as a gap on the long arms of the X chromosome.. A chromosomal fragile site is a specific heritable point on a chromosome that tends to form a gap or constriction and may tend to break [1] when the cell is exposed to partial replication stress. [2]
The first case of the MASA Syndrome was found in a boy in Asia. The patient was a 10-year-old boy with symptoms like, mild mental retardation, bilateral adducted thumbs and corpus callosum hypoplasia. [15] His family did not have any history with MASA syndrome. There is not just one specific doctor or scientist for this disorder.